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Sexual Assault At Cal Poly San Luis Obispo - 1642 Words

Whether it is walking home alone at night, or going to a party and having some fun on the weekends, sexual offenders will attack because their primary motivators are power, control, and anger. Sexual assault is an ongoing crime on campus at Cal Poly San Luis Obispo. It can happen to anyone, male or female, and that is why it needs immediate attention and a plan for resolution. Sexual assault is sexual activity of any kind that does not involve the other person’s consent. Sexual assault includes rape, forced sodomy, forced oral sex, and any form of unwanted sexual touching. Most common types of sexual assault are mostly affiliated with the drugs of roofies or GHB being slipped into a drink. This often appears to happen at college parties. According to research, â€Å"the typical scenario of sexual assault on college campus includes the woman’s drinking at a party and playing drinking games, a situation where she has been given a drink in which the alcohol has been disguised as punch† (Bohmer, Parrot 20). Popular culture depicts college as a place for free booze and sexual conquests, as sensationalized by popular movies like â€Å"Project X† and â€Å"22nd Jump Street.† Consequently, the public medium portray partying and binge-drinking as the typical college and teenage social norm. Oftentimes, college is the first opportu nity for young individuals to live away from home. For many, college is a time of sexual freedom, exploration, and experimentation. According to Julie E. Samuels fromShow MoreRelatedMy Undergraduate Work At California Polytechnic State University920 Words   |  4 Pagesdo my undergraduate work at California Polytechnic State University in San Luis Obispo. Cal Poly was affordable, strong in the sciences and well known for its Learn by Doing philosophy. I received a phenomenal education in science and nutrition helping me feel prepared to begin graduate studies in advanced practice nursing. Prior to Cal Poly, I planned a career in nursing, ultimately deciding that studying nutrition at Cal Poly could provide an excellent foundation. I found nutrition fascinating.Read MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesOrganizational Behavior This page intentionally left blank Organizational Behavior EDITION 15 Stephen P. Robbins —San Diego State University Timothy A. Judge —University of Notre Dame i3iEi35Bj! Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle River Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montreal Toronto Delhi Mexico City Sao Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul Singapore Taipei Tokyo Editorial Director: Sally Yagan Director of Editorial Services:

Psychology of Health and Wellness

Question: Discuss about the Psychology of Health and Wellness. Answer: Introduction: The recent perspective on health and wellness is that it includes more than the biological factors of pathology and illness. Health and wellness involves balancing of various aspects of an individual. These include physical, psychological, social, emotional, spiritual, and occupational domains. The essay examines the biopsychosocial factors that influence health and wellness and provides a critical analysis of the general responses to health and wellness issues. The essay explains the current framework used for maintenance of health and wellbeing. Health or being healthy does not signify the absence of disease and infirmity. According to the World Health Organization, health represents the state of physical, mental and social well-being (Glanz and Bishop, 2010, pg 405). It includes both the aspects that are the absence of the disease, as well as the wellbeing in the mental, physical and social areas. Apart from the absence of disease, some other aspects are required for improving and strengthening our physical health. Even with the presence of illness, maintain a proper nutrition diet, healthy activities, adequate weight and rest can also achieve a good physical health. According to Huber et al., (2011), wellnessrefers to a state where an individual frequently experiences positive emotions, finds his/her life as satisfactory, and demonstrates the ability to adapt to psychological, social changes and function in the environment which is disturbed with the rise of stress and leads to a development of diseases (Ghaemi, 2010). Illness, although used synonymously with the disease, is not the same concept. According to (Sutton, 2010), illness represents the disturbed state of balance and sustainable relationship between an individual and the environment he/she is living. It is a state, where a person is unable to create or maintain a high quality lifestyle. It contains a subjective element and is referred to as less-than-healthy state of a person, or state of decreasing wellness (Ryff, 2013). The disease is the condition where an individual fails to adapt the mechanism of adequately counteracting the stimuli and stresses. Consequently, it gives rises to functional and structural disturbances (McBride et al., 2010). According to Glanz and Bishop, (2010), there are three types of diseases existing which include: malnutrition related dietary diseases, infectious diseases caused by pathogens and chronic diseases persisting since a long time. The ability of a person to function and the aspects related to the emotional, social, and intellectual condition can be disturbed by illness and disease (Lovallo, 2015). In the subsequent sections, the essay will discuss the biopsychosocial factors that impact on health and wellness. An individuals health and wellness experiences differ due to several factors that are categorized into biological, psychological, emotional and social factors (Ghaemi, 2010). Collectively these factors are called as biopsychosocial model. These factors are essential for health assessment as an individual may experience illness due to any of these factors. With this recently developed model, the medical professionals do not focus merely on the physical aspects" of illness or disease but the social and psychological aspects as well. According to George Engel, the illness of an individual is due to interplay of biological aspects as well as the social context in which he or she lives. The other factors are genetic in nature which combines with the biological functioning, cognition (learning, problem solving, remembering and thinking), emotions, and relationships with family, community, and society and motivation to impact the health and wellness of an individual (lvarez et al., 2012). I t will be discussed in the later sections. The social dimension of health is the ability to interact and accept diversity. Social and environmental settings are vital to improving social health. Poor social health results in neurotic illnesses such as stress. Several research studies have provided the evidence of the social interaction being significant in overcoming illness (Sutton, 2010). Therefore, social health is crucial for human health and well-being. However, the emotional dimension of health is also known to profoundly impact ones health. The capacity of an individual to cope, adjust and adapt to challenges and changes is the state of being in control of one's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors (Lovallo, 2015). Throughout the lifespan of an individual, socioeconomic aspect greatly affects the health and wellness. This aspect is the new model developed for public health. It refers to both psychological and a social factor which affects an individual in different ways. Literature research provides evidence that poor soc ial and economic condition in childhood makes adulthood less healthy (Ryff, 2013). The impact on health due to biopsychosocial factors is explained in the next section. The role played by the biopsychosocial factors is explained with the help of a case study of an adolescent with weight issues. Mr. X has the sweet tooth, thereby, excessively consume sweet foods. It started since his childhood where his being a single child; his parents always pampered him with chocolates and lollies. Their misconception was that a healthy child is one with chubby cheeks. Mr. X grew up with the sedentary lifestyle, consuming the high-fat diet. His family mainly consumed meals containing high calories. He eventually grew as fat boy less engaged in physical activity and more in indoor games, watching television and consuming more snacks. Mr. X is currently 20 years old and suffers from obesity. The above-discussed condition of Mr. X could be avoided if only his parents were more aware of the importance of eating fruits between meals, walking, engaging a child in exercises and sports. If parents are mindful of the fact that one of the family members has the craving for sweet food, then they could avoid giving it to X considering it may be a genetic issue or believed that healthy behavior could eliminate the inherited factors. This case study explains how different factors combine to impact health since an early age of a person. It is the scenario with a majority of the children in UK, who are highly represented in obesity cases (Hilton et al., 2012). The psychosocial factors contributing to illness can be explained with the example of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders. The majority of the Indigenous populations are represented in alcohol and drug abuse as well as in mortality and morbidity (Carter et al., 2011). The factors contributing to this condition were found to be the loss of land, racial discrimination, social isolation, history of mental trauma, physical, verbal and alcohol abuse by parent and community members (Lea et al., 2015). These stress indicators are carried in present generation as well. Several Aboriginal children are devoid of parental care, emotional support, and experience violence in the family (Lea et al., 2015). These children in their adolescence adapted malpractices, such as drug abuse and quit education. In several cases, the childhood history revealed sexual exploitation by one of the parents. Research is evident of a development of schizophrenia and other forms of mental disorder among majority of Aboriginal adolescents. Most of the cases of pregnancy and miscarriages were also associated with mental trauma (Dunkel, 2011). So far it is apparent from the above discussion that the health and wellness are influenced by physiological functioning and genetic factors. However, the literature provides an evidence of the role played by psychological and behavioral responses that place an individual on the continuum of illness/wellness. According to Sutton, (2010), cognitive factors (learning, problem solving, remembering and thinking) and emotions (pleasant, anger, fear, joy), forms the part of the psychological contribution. The preference of an individual to behave in a particular way is due to the motivation which links the psychological and behavioral response. Health-protective behavior relates to activities that are performed by an individual to maintain good health. For example, some people participate in meditation, yoga and exercises to prevent obesity, coronary heart disease, and other chronic conditions. These people maintain the healthy diet and less experience illness and disease. According to Wiedemann et al., (2011), individuals who are health anxious, show characteristic behavioral (seeking reassurance) and cognitive response (misinterpretation of information). The style of thinking about things influences how human appraise and respond to situations and determines if he/she will be pessimistic or optimistic in nature (Sarafino and Smith, 2014). An individual with upbeat attitude have the ability to bring a positive change and enjoys good health and well-being. A person with passive behavior is always vulnerable to the adverse situation, uncertainty and suffers from poor health. Health protective behavior can be due to experienc es of illness or just anxiety and fear of disease. These experiences determine health and wellness issues and development of cognition and behavior and the consequences of such responses for illness in future (McBride et al., 2010). Conclusively, health and wellness are not merely affected by biological factors rather several psychological and behavioral factors combine to produce the effect. Additionally, Cognitive, emotional, social factors and relationships are also key players in health and wellness. A state of good health and well-being is a perfect balance of all the factors. References lvarez, A. S., Pagani, M., Meucci, P. (2012). The clinical application of the biopsychosocial model in mental health: a research critique.American Journal of Physical Medicine Rehabilitation,91(13), S173-S180. Carter, J. D., Luty, S. E., McKenzie, J. M., Mulder, R. T., Frampton, C. M., Joyce, P. R. (2011). Patient predictors of response to cognitive behaviour therapy and interpersonal psychotherapy in a randomised clinical trial for depression.Journal of Affective Disorders,128(3), 252-261. Dunkel Schetter, C. (2011). Psychological science on pregnancy: stress processes, biopsychosocial models, and emerging research issues.Annual Review Of Psychology,62, 531-558. Ghaemi, S. N. (2010).The rise and fall of the biopsychosocial model: reconciling art and science in psychiatry. JHU Press. Glanz, K., Bishop, D. B. (2010). The role of behavioral science theory in development and implementation of public health interventions.Annual Review of Public Health,31, 399-418. Godfrin, K. A., Van Heeringen, C. (2010). The effects of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy on recurrence of depressive episodes, mental health and quality of life: A randomized controlled study.Behaviour Research and Therapy,48(8), 738-746. Hilton, S., Patterson, C., Teyhan, A. (2012). Escalating coverage of obesity in UK newspapers: the evolution and framing of the obesity epidemic from 1996 to 2010.Obesity,20(8), 1688-1695. Huber, M., Knottnerus, J. A., Green, L., van der Horst, H., Jadad, A. R., Kromhout, D., ... Schnabel, P. (2011). How should we define health?.Biomedical Journal,343. Lea, T., Bryant, J., Ellard, J., Howard, J., Treloar, C. (2015). Young people at risk of transitioning to injecting drug use in Sydney, Australia: social disadvantage and other correlates of higher levels of exposure to injecting.Health social care in the community,23(2), 200-207. Lovallo, W. R. (2015).Stress and health: Biological and Psychological Interactions. Annual Review of Public Health,41, 87-113. Marin, M. F., Lord, C., Andrews, J., Juster, R. P., Sindi, S., Arsenault-Lapierre, G., ... Lupien, S. J. (2011). Chronic stress, cognitive functioning and mental health.Neurobiology of Learning And Memory,96(4), 583-595. McBride, C. M., Koehly, L. M., Sanderson, S. C., Kaphingst, K. A. (2010). The behavioral response to personalized genetic information: will genetic risk profiles motivate individuals and families to choose more healthful behaviors?.Annual Review of Public Health,31, 89-103. Ryff, C. D. (2013). Psychological well-being revisited: Advances in the science and practice of eudaimonia.Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics,83(1), 10-28. Sarafino, E. P., Smith, T. W. (2014).Health psychology: Biopsychosocial interactions. John Wiley Sons. Sutton, S. (2010). Using social cognition models to develop health behaviour interventions.Health Psychology, 122. Wiedemann, A. U., Lippke, S., Reuter, T., Ziegelmann, J. P., Schz, B. (2011). The more the better? The number of plans predicts health behaviour change.Applied Psychology: Health and Wellà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Being,3(1), 87-106.

Tattoos Health Care and Tattoo Essay Example For Students

Tattoos: Health Care and Tattoo Essay JOURNAL OF AMERICAN COLLEGE HEALTH, VOL. 56, NO. 5 Tattoos Can Harm Perceptions: A Study and Suggestions Annette Resenhoeft, BA; Julie Villa, RN; David Wiseman, PhD Abstract. Objective: Health researchers have claimed that perceptions toward a person with a tattoo are more negative than are perceptions toward non-tattooed persons. However, support for this has been obtained almost completely by nonexperimental research. Participants: In 2 experiments with 158 community college student participants, the authors found that tattoos harmed perceptions. Methods: Students viewed a photograph of a female model with and without a visible tattoo, and rated her on 13 personal characteristics. Results: In Experiment 1, ratings of a model with a dragon tattoo were significantly more negative (p . 05) on 5 of the 13 personal characteristics than were ratings of the same model shown without the tattoo. In Experiment 2, which included different participants, a different model, and a different tattoo, the authors found that a dolphin tattoo led to more negative ratings on 2 of the 13 characteristics. Conclusions: The authors discuss possible impacts of tattoos on person perception as well as implications of the results for college student healthcare providers. Keywords: college students, perception, tattoo he desire to express oneself can lead to risky behaviors. Some of these behaviors, in turn, can cause health problems. One such behavior is tattooing. We will write a custom essay on Tattoos: Health Care and Tattoo specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The physical risks of tattoos have been well-established (eg, infection, scarring, exposure to bloodborne illness, allergic reactions)1–3; however, a tattooed person also may experience negative social consequences, including negative perceptions formed toward that person because of the tattoo. 4 Such negative perceptions or their own regret may ultimately induce a tattooed individual to undergo costly tattoo removal procedures. Results from a national probability sample of 253 women and 247 men aged 18 to 50 years indicated that 24% had tattoos. Given their popularity, the prospect that tattoos affect At the time of the study, Ms Resenhoeft was an undergraduate psychology student, Ms Villa was enrolled in the nursing program, and Dr Wiseman was an assistant professor in the Psychology Department at Brookdale Community College in Lincroft, NJ. Copyright  © 2008 Heldref Publications 593 T interpersonal perceptions merits study. Although an experimental approach can determine cause–effect relations most directly, few researchers have used this method to assess whether a person’s tattoo may affect others’ perceptions of that individual. Hawkes et al6 and Degelman and Price4 conducted 2 such studies. In their study of 268 male and female undergraduates at a medium-sized Canadian university, Hawkes et al6 presented students with a written description of a fictional young woman, including age, body build, current school status, work status, and information about a tattoo she had. The researchers found that when the woman was described as having a tattoo (particularly a relatively large and visible tattoo), participants rated her in more negative terms than when she was described as not having a tattoo. Degelman and Price4 presented 2 groups of participants (a majority of whom were high school students) with a photograph of a female model. One group saw the pictured model with a tattoo, and the other saw the model without a tattoo. After viewing the photo, participants rated the model on 13 interpersonal characteristics. The researchers found that participants rated the model with a tattoo less positively on many characteristics than they did the model without a tattoo. These 2 study findings suggest that tattoos can cause others to judge a person more negatively than would be the case without the tattoos. To our knowledge, no prior experimental investigatiors have used photographs to analyze interpersonal tattoo perception among college students. In our study, we used an experimental methodology (and photographs) to test whether tattoos on a person can harm college students’ perceptions of that individual. Our goals in our 2 experiments were to (1) assess the consistency of Degelman and Price’s4 findings using a sample of exclusively college students (Exp. ) and (2) determine perceptual effects of a relatively small and inconspicuous tattoo (Exp. 2). Each experiment involved a participant being shown 1 photograph. We showed participants Resenhoeft et al a photo of a woman either with (experimental group) or without (control group) a tattoo. The independent variable was the presence or absence of a tattoo on a woman (ie, the model in t he photograph). The dependent variables were participant ratings of 13 interpersonal characteristics of the model (eg, fashionable). Participants indicated the level of their perceptions of the 13 characteristics by using a 5-point scale for each. Labels such as very unfashionable and very fashionable anchored the scale ratings. On the basis of the results of the experimental studies mentioned previously combined with those of other studies that were descriptive (ie, nonexperimental), we predicted that our 2 experiments would show that tattoos negatively affected perceptions. Our sample came from a population of students attending a New Jersey community college. All were volunteers from the school’s psychology and nursing classes. We randomly assigned each participant to either a tattoo (experimental group) or nontattoo (control group) condition. Our 158 participants provided written informed consent. The appropriate institutional review board approved the procedures of this study. EXPERIMENT 1 Methods Participants Eighty-five students at a New Jersey community college volunteered as participants (37% male, M age = 21. 64 years, SD = 5. 34). Thirty-two percent of participants reported having permanent tattoos. Materials We distributed a packet of materials to each participant. Packets contained a color photograph of a woman (used by Degelman and Price4), a rating scale for each of 13 personal characteristics with which to indicate perceptions of the model, a demographic survey, and a 24-item attitude scale (shortened from that used by Degelman and Price4). The attitude scale was unrelated to the goals of the present study; it simply provided a task prior to the viewing of the photograph to decrease the prospect of participants guessing the purpose of the study. Each packet contained a color photograph of a 24-year-old woman dressed in a black tube top, black pants, and close-toed shoes. She was kneeling and looking into the camera. In the experimental group’s photo, the woman had a black tattoo of a dragon on her upper left arm. In the control photo, the model appeared without the tattoo, which we removed via Macromedia’s Fireworks version 3. 0 (Adobe Systems Inc, San Jose, CA). Procedure We informed participants that the study was designed to investigate the ways that people make judgments about other people. .u9b4eb4c2353a8b599ac0e3b39ae6f7d2 , .u9b4eb4c2353a8b599ac0e3b39ae6f7d2 .postImageUrl , .u9b4eb4c2353a8b599ac0e3b39ae6f7d2 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u9b4eb4c2353a8b599ac0e3b39ae6f7d2 , .u9b4eb4c2353a8b599ac0e3b39ae6f7d2:hover , .u9b4eb4c2353a8b599ac0e3b39ae6f7d2:visited , .u9b4eb4c2353a8b599ac0e3b39ae6f7d2:active { border:0!important; } .u9b4eb4c2353a8b599ac0e3b39ae6f7d2 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u9b4eb4c2353a8b599ac0e3b39ae6f7d2 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u9b4eb4c2353a8b599ac0e3b39ae6f7d2:active , .u9b4eb4c2353a8b599ac0e3b39ae6f7d2:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u9b4eb4c2353a8b599ac0e3b39ae6f7d2 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u9b4eb4c2353a8b599ac0e3b39ae6f7d2 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u9b4eb4c2353a8b599ac0e3b39ae6f7d2 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u9b4eb4c2353a8b599ac0e3b39ae6f7d2 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u9b4eb4c2353a8b599ac0e3b39ae6f7d2:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u9b4eb4c2353a8b599ac0e3b39ae6f7d2 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u9b4eb4c2353a8b599ac0e3b39ae6f7d2 .u9b4eb4c2353a8b599ac0e3b39ae6f7d2-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u9b4eb4c2353a8b599ac0e3b39ae6f7d2:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Diversity Awareness EssayWe told them they would first fill out a series of surveys. In the first survey, we asked participants the extent to which they agreed with each of a series of statements pertaining to personality traits (the distracter task). Participants 594 were also told that they would be looking at a photograph and then rating the person in the photograph on 13 characteristics using a 5-point scale for each. A score of 1 indicated the most negative perception; a score of 5 was the most positive. Characteristics used were very unfashionable/very fashionable, very unathletic/very athletic, very unattractive/very attractive, very uncaring/very caring, very uncreative/very creative, very undetermined/very determined, very unmotivated/ very motivated, very dishonest/very honest, very ungenerous/very generous, very unmysterious/very mysterious, very unreligious/very religious, very unintelligent/very intelligent, and very unartistic/very artistic. On the demographic questionnaire, we asked participants to indicate their age, sex, and whether they had permanent tattoos. After participants rated the person, they had completed the demographic survey. Results We first conducted a multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) to determine whether a tattoo had an effect on the vector of dependent variables formed by the ratings each participant made. A MANOVA can assess an independent variable’s impact on a group of dependent variables but may have low power to detect differences in a single dependent variable. Thus, we conducted a second analysis procedure with a set of 13 univariate analyses (one for each dependent variable). We analyzed participant ratings on all 13 personal characteristics in a one-way MANOVA (model condition: tattoo/no tattoo). This showed a significant multivariate difference between the ratings of the model with the tattoo and without the tattoo, using Wilks’ criterion (F = 3. 64, p . 01). We observed an association between the model tattoo condition and the combined ratings of the 13 personal characteristics (partial ? 2 = . 40). Follow-up univariate analyses showed statistically significant differences between the model tattoo conditions on 6 of the 13 characteristic ratings (p . 5). Participants shown a photo of a model without a tattoo, compared with those shown a model with a tattoo, rated the model as more fashionable, more athletic, more attractive, more caring, more intelligent, and less creative. Comment We found that participants’ perceptions of the model with a tattoo were more negative with regard to physical appearance (eg, attractiveness) and personality traits (eg, caring) than were perceptions of the model without a tattoo. This is consistent with past research. ,6 In the Degelman and Price4 study, participants rated the model without the tattoo as significantly more athletic, attractive, motivated, honest, generous, mysterious, religious, intelligent, and artistic. We similarly found that participants in our study judged the model without a tattoo as more attractive, athletic, and intelligent than the same model shown with a tattoo. EXPERIMENT 2 In Exp. 2, we used a different photo set (including a different tattoo) than in Exp. 1: the model was different and the JOURNAL OF AMERICAN COLLEGE HEALTH Perceptions of Tattoos tattoo in Exp. 2 was smaller, less visible, and possibly not as intimidating in content (ie, dolphins vs a dragon). Methods Participants Seventy-three students at a New Jersey community college volunteered as participants (25% male; M age = 28. 90 years, SD = 10. 32). Twenty five percent of the participants reported having permanent tattoos. (These were different participants than those in Exp. 1. ) One participant did not complete the demographic survey; another did so only partially. Materials The materials used in Exp. were the same as those used in Exp. 1, except for the photographs. Exp. 2 photographs were of a 27-year-old woman dressed in a white sleeveless t-shirt, looking at the camera from an angle. In the experimental group, the woman had a blue and black tattoo of a pair of dolphins on the back of her upper right shoulder. In the control group, she did not have a tattoo. (We again used the Fireworks software to remove the tattoo. ) Procedure The proc edure was the same as in Exp. 1. Results We completed the same analyses as in Exp. 1. Using a MANOVA, we found no significant multivariate difference between the ratings of the model with the tattoo and the ratings of the model without the tattoo (F = 1. 44, p . 05). We found a strong association between the model tattoo condition and the combined ratings of the 13 personal characteristics (partial ? 2 = . 241). Univariate analyses showed a significant difference between the model tattoo conditions on 2 of the 13 measures (p . 05). Those participants shown a model without a tattoo rated the model as being more honest and religious than did participants shown a model with a tattoo. Comment Although Exp. 2 scores indicated that tattoos had a smaller impact, the results still provide experimental support that tattoos can affect (and impair) perceptions of that person. This was shown with a tattoo that is small, of low visibility, and nonthreatening in subject matter. COMMENT Our overall results show that having a tattoo hinders interpersonal perceptions. This study appears to be the first to demonstrate this while combining the following 3 features: use of an experimental procedure, an exclusively college student sample, and photographs (rather than a written description) of a model. This study provides experimental evidence that, in certain circumstances, obtaining a tattoo may lead to one being judged less positively than would be the case without a tattoo. More generally, these findings add tattooing to a list of behaviors identified by psychologists VOL 56, MARCH/APRIL 2008 as stemming from self-presentational motives that yield potential adverse health or social effects. Limitations Our study, like others, had limitations. First, we did not assess whether variations in the models’ dress may have moderated the perceptual effect of the tattoo. Second, we did not use models who were actual peers of the participants. The Exp. 1 model was slightly older than the mean age of Exp. 1 participants; the Exp. 2 model was slightly younger than Exp. 2 participants. Last, we conducted the study at a single college rather than at multiple schools. Suggestions Healthcare providers could inform a college student considering getting a tattoo that despite the apparent popularity of tattooing, a tattoo may harm perceptions of them by their peers. If a student considering getting a tattoo realizes that peers may negatively view a tattoo, that student may be less likely to get a tattoo. However, if a tattoo is obtained, the student might later regret it because of peer disapproval. Thus, the suggestion ultimately may spare a patient from mental, physical, and financial costs of future tattoo removal. ) The logic behind this suggestion is the same logic that has served as the basis for an intervention that has been effective with college stude nts in a different issue: binge drinking. In trying to reduce drinking, college administrators have publicized misperceptions held by students that their peers drink more than they actually do. .u517ca6c7fd6fd2f2142e966acbeb0596 , .u517ca6c7fd6fd2f2142e966acbeb0596 .postImageUrl , .u517ca6c7fd6fd2f2142e966acbeb0596 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u517ca6c7fd6fd2f2142e966acbeb0596 , .u517ca6c7fd6fd2f2142e966acbeb0596:hover , .u517ca6c7fd6fd2f2142e966acbeb0596:visited , .u517ca6c7fd6fd2f2142e966acbeb0596:active { border:0!important; } .u517ca6c7fd6fd2f2142e966acbeb0596 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u517ca6c7fd6fd2f2142e966acbeb0596 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u517ca6c7fd6fd2f2142e966acbeb0596:active , .u517ca6c7fd6fd2f2142e966acbeb0596:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u517ca6c7fd6fd2f2142e966acbeb0596 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u517ca6c7fd6fd2f2142e966acbeb0596 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u517ca6c7fd6fd2f2142e966acbeb0596 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u517ca6c7fd6fd2f2142e966acbeb0596 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u517ca6c7fd6fd2f2142e966acbeb0596:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u517ca6c7fd6fd2f2142e966acbeb0596 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u517ca6c7fd6fd2f2142e966acbeb0596 .u517ca6c7fd6fd2f2142e966acbeb0596-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u517ca6c7fd6fd2f2142e966acbeb0596:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: What Caused The Great Depression EssaySuch misperceptions can lead to one student believing that dangerous behaviors are condoned or encouraged by peers (ie, are social norms). This effort has been called the social norms approach. 7 The logic behind such campaigns is that once accurate information regarding the behavior is presented to the target population, its members will reduce that behavior to act in accordance with these newly received norms. In regard to tattooing, if one student does not like a behavior (eg, getting a tattoo) and another student considering this action is aware of this dislike, the chances of getting a tattoo may decrease. A second suggestion is for a healthcare provider to warn a college student considering obtaining a tattoo that a difference may exist between the perceptions of peers (other college students) who like tattoos and older adults (ie, nonpeers) who do not. Whelan8 found disparities between how younger adults view tattoos (eg, positively as objects of self-identity and body art) and how older adults view them (eg, negatively, such as marking deviant behavior). This disparity may lead to difficulties for tattooed college students in securing employment when nontattooed older adults are in charge of hiring. Results of past studies4,6,9 also suggest this. Conclusions The previous suggestions may not seem needed because some people like tattoos. However, despite their popularity, Varma and Lanigan10 documented regret among people with 595 Resenhoeft et al tattoos. The regret was felt both shortly after (ie, weeks) and in the long term (ie, years). Our results hopefully will be an impetus for further experimental (as opposed to descriptive) research. Researchers may want to assess how the perceptions of those who work in healthcare settings may affect the care that is provided to individuals who have visible tattoos, particularly tattoos that evoke strong reactions (eg, a dragon vs a butterfly). ACKNOWLEDGMENT The authors thank the following for their encouragement and assistance throughout the course of the investigation: Jennifer Wiseman, Joel Morgovsky, Adeline Griffin, Douglas Degelman, Claudia Oben Villa, and the members of the Psi Beta Chapter of Brookdale Community College. NOTE Authorship listing was determined by alphabetical order. All 3 individuals contributed substantially to this article. For comments and further information, address correspondence to Dr David Wiseman, Brookdale Community College, Dept of Psychology, 765 Newman Springs Rd. , Lincroft, NJ 07738, USA (e-mail: [emailprotected] edu). REFERENCES 1. Armstrong ML, Owen DC, Roberts AE, Koch JR. College tattoos: more than skin deep. Dermatol Nurs. 2000;14:317–323. 2. Brown KM, Perlmutter P, McDermott RJ. Youth and tattoos: what school health personnel should know. J School Health. 000;70:355–361. 3. Armstrong ML, Owen DC, Roberts AE, Koch JR. College students and tattoos: influence of image, identity, family, and friends. J Psychosoc Nurs Mental Health Serv. 2000;40:20–29. 4. Degelman D, Price ND. Tattoos and ratings of personal characteristics. Psychol Rep. 2002;90:507–514. 5. Laumann AE, Derick AJ. Tattoos and body piercings in the United States: a national data se t. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2006;55:413–421. 6. Hawkes D, Senn C, Thorn C. Factors that influence attitudes toward women with tattoos. Sex Roles J Res. 2004;50:125–146. 7. Perkins WW. The Social Norms Approach to Preventing School and College Age Substance Abuse: A Handbook for Educators, Counselors, and Clinicians. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass; 2003. 8. Whelan D. Ink me, stud. Am Demograph. 2001;23: 9–11. 9. Fiorilli A, Szuchman LT. Perceived stigma of tattoos in hiring decisions. Poster session presented at the annual meeting of the Association for Psychological Science, New York, New York. May 25–28, 2006. 10. Varma S, Lanigan SW. Reasons for requesting laser removal of unwanted tattoos. Br J Dermatol. 1999;140,483–485. American College HEALTH JOURNAL OF Executive Editors Reginald Fennell, PhD, CHES, F-ACHA Dr. Fennell is a professor of health education at Miami University in Oxford, Ohio, in the Department of Kinesiology and Health. He earned his PhD in health education from The Ohio State University and his undergraduate and master’s degrees from North Carolina State University. His scholarly focus is on health education and human sexuality education, with an emphasis on HIV/AIDS. He developed—and since 2001 has served as the director of—a 5-week study abroad program in international health, based in France and Switzerland. Dr. Fennell is a past president of the American College Health Association. Peggy Ingram Veeser, EdD, APRN, BC Dr. Veeser is a professor of nursing at the University of Tennessee Health Science Center at Memphis, where she has been the Director of University Health Services for more than 20 years. She is a Fellow of the American College Health Association and the American Academy of Nurse Practitioners. She presently serves on the ACHA Board of Directors as Member at Large. Dr. Veeser is also on the editorial board of The Nurse Practitioner: The American Journal of Primary Health Care. Ted W. Grace, MD, MPH Dr. Grace left the private practice of medicine in 1987 to obtain a Master of Public Health degree and complete a 2-year fellowship in college health administration. Afterward, he served as the medical director of the Student Health Center at San Diego State University for 3 years, leaving in 1992 to accept a position as the director of student health services at The Ohio State University. In June 2007, he became senior director of disaster preparedness and student health policy within the division of student affairs at Ohio State. 596 JOURNAL OF AMERICAN COLLEGE HEALTH