Wednesday, August 26, 2020

The khipu system of the Andes Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

The khipu arrangement of the Andes - Research Paper Example Through this principle idea, there is the capacity to see how the Khipu System created as a required framework in the Andes, just as how it has formed into a composing framework. The Khipu System of the Andes The idea of the Khipu System created in the Andes as an arrangement of correspondence from the Incas. The framework started with the faith in a need to record data and history just as stories that were a piece of the way of life. This was joined with the perception and images that were frequently ascribed to the Incas and which were utilized in making a feeling of comprehension through different shapes and structures that were recorded in the way of life. The Incas built up the Khipu framework explicitly to make a recordkeeping credit to the general public and to recount to the narratives to others which could be passed down outside of oral narrating and into the perception and material products which could track those that were a piece of the Inca society. The viewpoints which were made depended on a consolidated exertion with symbolic representations, pictographic tests and a known type of early composition inside the Andes (Boone, Mignolo, 5). The improvement of the Khipu didn’t simply create as a result of the need to go down history and to have a type of composing. The arrangement of a bunch framework as correspondence came explicitly in light of the improvements which the race previously had. ... To record this, were additionally explicit characteristics related with coordination of numbers and record keeping with the financial status. This specific type of record keeping with numbers at that point developed into the political and social ideas which were a piece of the fundamental framework. This depended on the utilization of imagery and representation which kept on quickening into the framework. The representative intensity of each material which was in the public arena was a significant idea and made a feeling of hugeness, which prompted the iconographic themes in the Andes and in the long run prompted a standard framework utilized in all societies in the economy and inside society. The Khapu framework had the option to join the financial aspects, numeral comprehend, imagery of perception and the utilization of the materials and visual connections as making a feeling of significance. These various credits had the option to prompt the advancement of the framework and the me thodologies which were related with the Khapu System (Henderson, 272). Proof of the Writing System There are a few zones of proof that show that the Khapu framework was a type of a previous composing framework and which drove into a development of understanding explicit stories, record keeping choices and relationship with the time span. The Spanish and European attacks of the Andes originally introduced the data about the composing framework, explicitly with an understanding that it had the option to make an alternate type of correspondence. For example, Naples reports from people, for example, Blas Valera, a mestizo Jesuit, presents the framework and shows how it was a type of correspondence in the Andes. It was realized that before this, the Incan culture and composing was believed to be lost; be that as it may, the work which was

Saturday, August 22, 2020

Analysis of Animal Farm and It’s Characters

Animal Farm is a figurative tale of the laborers revolt and the ascent to intensity of the socialist party in the previous Soviet Union not long after World War I and specifically the ascent to matchless quality of Joseph Stalin, as told as an account of the livestock of Manor Farm who oust the inebriated rancher Jones and hold onto control of the homestead for themselves. In this purposeful anecdote, rancher Jones speaks to the Russian gentry and the animals speak to the laborers, average workers, and a few components of the white collar class who rebelled against them.The different animals on the homestead were expected by Orwell to speak to the different classes and reactions of people to control. The pigs unmistakably speak to the decision class and the desire for power, the ones who will make a special effort to get what they need. They likewise speak to the scholarly class, in view of their ability to peruse and compose. First among the pigs is Old Major, the hog who prophesize s the upheaval. He depends on the political financial expert Karl Marx, and, similar to Marx, passes on before the upheaval happens, yet whose lessons motivated the revolution.After the unrest, two pigs: Snowball and Napoleon, ascend to conspicuousness in the decision pig class. Snowball was Orwell’s depiction of the scholarly speaker Leon Trotsky, who was outsmarted for the administration of the Russian socialist gathering after the demise of Lenin by Stalin, who is spoken to in Animal Farm by Napoleon. Snowball, similar to Trotsky, comes to be depicted by the decision powers as an enemy of progressive figure who they guarantee to be working in the background to sabotage what occurs on the farm.Second in the social stepping stool of Animal Farm are the little dogs, taken from their mom during childbirth and taught by Napoleon. They imply the world class progressive gatekeeper, generally faithful to the authority however who additionally advantage from that steadfastness. Fur ther down the stepping stool is Boxer, the work-horse who is extremely faithful to power. The articulation â€Å"work-horse† alludes to a â€Å"person or machine that reliably performs difficult work over a significant stretch of time† which relates superbly with Boxer and his saying: â€Å"I will work harder†.He represents the dedicated worker class, who in socialist social orders were constantly hailed by the decision class yet who were additionally subtly dreaded by them for their quality. Lower on the stepping stool you discover the sheep. They are the uninformed ones and represent the uneducated, those most effectively tricked and tricked by power, and from whom the decision class increase the greater part of their position. At last, there is Benjamin the jackass, who speaks to skepticism, the individuals who perceive defilement however do nothing to stop it and follow the current; the individuals who come and make an effort not to be noticed.Only once does Benjamin become left, and it happens when his companion Boxer loses control by the paste truck and taken to his unfavorable passing, similarly that Mr Jones would have done. Among the people, the fundamental characters are Mister Frederick and Mister Pilkington. They speak to Germany and England individually. They contend both for the kindness of Animal Farm however both wish to fix Animal Farm. Animal Farm is somewhat spared by the way that Mr. Fredrick and Mr. Pilkington don’t get along, and their contention speak to the battles in Europe during the long stretches of the Second World War and those paving the way to it.Mr. Fredericks assault on Animal Farm close to the finish of the book is a depiction of the bad form of an agreement marked among Stalin and Hitler, which lead to the attack of Leningrad. Fundamentally, the novella manages the manner in which force gets combined in littler and littler hands, until it is basically constrained by one creature, Napoleon. After J ones is ousted, power is shared by each creature, astute or not, however rapidly comes to live just in the hooves of the decision class, otherwise called the pigs, at that point just in Napoleon’s.It is the narrative of how force defiles everything. Animal Farm is seen, toward the start, as an optimistic ranch where force is partitioned under the control of all, and the repartition of intensity was casted a ballot by each animal. In this manner one can contend that Animal Farm’s political force was picked up in genuine manner, which implies it was acknowledged by all the animals. Despite the fact that Animal Farm portrayed an idealistic system, it didn't take some time before its state decayed. It is effectively relatable to the force in the Soviet Union at the time.Whilst Stalin picked up power in an illicit manner by tricking the soviet populace and causing Trotsky to escape, he depicted himself as the best thing that at any point happened to the Union, and conned hi s kin by making a way of life wherein everybody had equivalent rights and obligations. Like in the Soviet Union, when force was contained by the more legitimate, for this situation the pigs, it turned out to be dynamically ill-conceived. Placing the control in littler and littler hooves, the animals on the homestead gradually lost force, and consequently the force got ill-conceived, on the grounds that it was not acknowledged completely by all the animals.Although Orwell was a communist, his novel shows how for insurgencies to succeed, fierce men are expected to run the upset, yet once fruitful, these men will stay savage to keep up their tenet. It is likewise fascinating to perceive how the creatures speak to the various brain research projects of people coming to manage something that they accepted with each fiber of their being to be acceptable yet which ends up being absolutely wrong.On the one extraordinary you have the sheep types, who are extremely oblivious to comprehend wha t is happening, while on the other you have the Benjamin-the-jackass types who realize that it isn't right however choose to go with it since they are too pessimistic to even consider believing that there is a chance of a superior world. As indicated by my version of the book, this novella was composed between November 1943 and February 1944. The attack of Leningrad, which is portrayed in the novel, just finishes toward the finish of January 1944, only half a month prior to Orwell finished his chief draft of the novella.Also, the novella was first distributed in England in August 1945, only a couple of months after the finish of World War II. The last section, notwithstanding, starts with the sentence: â€Å"Years passed†, and tells the historical backdrop of Animal Farm in the years after the fight with Frederick. Is fascinating that the initial nine sections of the novella is a tale of the historical backdrop of the Soviet Union up to the finish of World War II. But since t he novella was distributed in 1945, this last section is Orwell’s hypothesis of things to come bearing of the Soviet Union.In it, he draws an Animal Farm that turns out to be progressively similar to it was before the ejection of Jones, aside from significantly increasingly severe. The connections between the pigs and different ranchers become bit by bit progressively nearer, and at last the name of Animal Farm comes back to the name Manor Farm. Unmistakably, the historical backdrop of the Soviet Union exposed war period is tremendously unique of that portrayed by Orwell in the last section of the book; the truth of post World War II time is that the Soviet Union didn't return to being named Russia and didn't criticize Marxism.Personally, I feel that while precisely foreseeing a decision class that would turn out to be increasingly highborn and less and less worried for the government assistance of its residents, Orwell additionally attempts to delineate a Soviet decision cla ss that isn’t the most noticeably awful decision class, however how is it as awful as those in different nations. This turns out to be clear in that last scene where the pigs and the ranchers begin toasting one another and the ranchers acclaim the pigs triumphs. The last line of the book peruses, â€Å"The animals outside looked from pig to man, and from man to pig, and from pig to man once more: however as of now it was difficult to state which was which. â€Å"

Tuesday, August 18, 2020

Why BuzzFeeds Leap to Longform is Good for Readers

Why BuzzFeeds Leap to Longform is Good for Readers Earlier this week, BuzzFeed  publicly stepped forward into the world of longform, online journalism by hiring a new editor specifically to oversee longform stories. The general reaction from around the web was, it seems, skeptical. Can a website best known for videos of kittens taking baths really do longform journalism? Is there a place for long narratives on a site like BuzzFeed? While I certainly can’t speak to the first question whether BuzzFeed and their editors are capable of producing good longform journalism I think it’s shortsighted to assume that the answer to the second question is no. The assumption that longform journalism doesn’t have a place online, or, as one writer put it, “the thoughtful and well-polished essay has only one natural home â€" the magazine,” ignores a pretty interesting and growing digital landscape for solid, longform writing. Longform journalism is both slow and expensive to produce. In the world of online advertising where pageviews equate to dollars, longform writing seems ill-suited. There’s also something unsatisfying about reading long writing online, particularly at at computer. Sitting at a laptop doesn’t offer the same time of reading experience as sitting with a magazine or other print product. These are all logistical reasons to be concerned about the future of longform writing online, but they’re not impossible to overcome. The easiest concern is the reading experience. The growing popularity of tablets and ereaders, as well as young readers interest in reading on other devices, will slowly start to mitigate this problem. Additionally, there are many popular services like Instapaper or Pocket (formerly Read it Later) or Readability that make it more convenient to bookmark and read longform content at a more convenient time. The concerns about pageviews and cost are a little more challenging. But not insurmountable, especially for a site with the traffic and comfort with the social web that BuzzFeed has curated. In fact, an advantage a site like BuzzFeed has  is the fact that they’re online. Writing on the web offers opportunities of embedding video, photo slideshows, hyperlinks, interactive graphics, and sound to stories in a way that print has never been able to emulate. There are fewer boundaries online, and if BuzzFeed wants to distinguish itself from the Kings of Longform Journalism (The New Yorker and The Atlantic), the site will need to be bold and different with it’s writing and work to appeal a new style of story to BuzzFeed readers. Personally, I think BuzzFeed’s best bet for building new readership for their longform stories is to expand out from their website and offer each piece as a digital short through Amazon or Barnes Noble or Byliner or Longreads. These sites make it easy for readers with ereaders or other devices to find or buy specific stories that they’re curious about. Readers who aren’t interested in buying a full magazine or book will shell out a couple of dollars for a novella-length piece of long form journalism just check out the popularity of Kindle Singles. I guess my point is that we as readers and critics and smart online consumers should be optimistic and excited that there are going to be more ways to find and read strong narratives in a digital world rather than proclaim that long form writing can only be found in print. Just as the book landscape is shifting to embrace e-books, the journalism landscape needs to shift too. Maybe it will just take the enthusiasm of adapting book readers to help drag the rest of the print die-hards behind us. For another smart (really, much smarter) take on what BuzzFeed’s new effort means for long-form journalism and the role that sharing has for reader engagement, I’d highly recommend this piece from Poynter. Sign up to Today In Books to receive  daily news and miscellany from the world of books.

Sunday, May 24, 2020

Factors Influencing Individual Investor Behavior - 1439 Words

Factors Influencing Individual Investor Behavior: An Empirical study of the KSA Financial Market research Contents TITLE PAGE NO 1. ABSTRACT 3 2.INTRODUCTION 2.1 Background to the Study 2.2 Statement of The Problem - Specific Objectives of the study - Research Questions 2.3 The scope of the study 2.4 The Relevance of the study 4 5 6 6 7 7 3. LITERATURE REVIEW 8 4. THE RESEARCH DESIGN a. Type of study b. the Model equation c. Hypothesis d. Data collection methods c. The sapling design f. Statistical analysis technique 10 10 10 10 10 11 5. INTERPRETATION OF RESULTS 11 6. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 12 TIME FRAME 13 REFERENCES 14 2.4The Relevance of the study This study aims at exploring the KSA investor’s behavior, appear†¦show more content†¦The results indicate; by using Regression Analysis, that the most influencing factor in order of importance are expected corporate earnings, get-rich-quick, stock marketability, past performance of the firm’s stock, government holdings and the creation of the organized financial markets. Al- Owaisi (2010) study examines the factors influencing the investment behavior of individual investors at Palestine Securities Exchange in Gaza strip. Some of these factors include stability of investing environment, performance of registered companies at Palestine Securities Exchange and performance the level of the exchange market itself. The study uses a descriptive analytical method based on data gathering and analysis. The number of returned questionnaires 274. The study revealed that many investors cared about following the latest developments of exchange market and other businesses through mass media. It also found that staffs of financial mediators working at Palestine Securities Exchange are not fully competent to help investors take their own investment decisions. Furthermore, rumors constitute a major external factor negatively affecting investment. The study also showed that the possibility of investment aboard has a negative impact on investment decisions in the Palest ine Securities Exchange. MerikasShow MoreRelatedThe Costs And Benefits Of Financial Advice Essay1191 Words   |  5 PagesBrian Melzer, Alessandro Previtero. This thesis assesses the value that financial advisors provide to clients using a unique panel datasheet on the Canadian financial advisory industry. Findings of this thesis are that advisors influence towards investors trading choices, but they do not add value through their investment recommendations when judged by relative to passive investment benchmarks. †¢ Financial Advisory Business – How to transform it to the next level By team FPSB India (Financial PlanningRead MoreEnvironmental and Consumer Influences Analysis1426 Words   |  6 PagesEnvironmental and Consumer Influences Analysis PSY 322 Don Crabtree Environmental and Consumer Influences Analysis A consumer’s product selection, whether it is an item or a service, is influenced by a number of competing factors. All of those factors can make the process easier, or more difficult, depending upon the consumer’s own decision making process. Social, political, psychological, cultural, and legal processes, to name a few, all influence the consumer’s decision making processRead MoreThe Global Financial Tsunami During 2007-20091591 Words   |  7 Pagesmarkets, further influencing the real economy, and sending the world into recession. This crisis primarily stemmed from the subprime mortgage crisis in the U.S., which can be interpreted as the banking emergency triggered by the burst of the real estate market bubble, excessive credit, and abuse of financial derivative instruments (Szyszka, 2011). Most studies about the chief culprit of this crisis mainly focused on â€Å"institutional failure† (Barberis, 2011), while psychological factors also played aRe ad MoreThe Social Responsibility Of Wal Mart862 Words   |  4 Pagesresponsibility is to increase profits.† This kind of responsibility also a form of giving back. Many people believe that the future of Wal-Mart is sustainability. Wal-Mart Stakeholders are the associates, otherwise known as employees, the suppliers, and the investors of this company. I believe that Wal-Mart is doing enough to become more sustainable both locally and globally by the resources, its key stakeholders. Wal-Mart uses its resources in research since before (2011-2012) for the sole purpose of comingRead MoreInfluence of a Countrys Political Forces on Potential Investors: Sofitel Gold Coast Broadbeach Case Study1254 Words   |  5 PagesGold Coast Analysis The Political Force The stability of countries political situation can significantly influence investors that intend to do business in these countries. In the case of the political environment in Australia, investors that want to address the countrys accommodation sector must focus on the visa regime and carbon tax. Tourists that are not from New Zealand and want to visit Australia are required to have a visa. The visa must be obtained before arriving to the country. ThereRead MoreBenefits Of Ethical Leadership : A Positive Corporate Reputation, Ethically Empowered Employees, Increased Quality, And Higher1734 Words   |  7 Pagesendorsements of your company to other potential customers. Ethical leadership will benefit any organization, it helps to shape the corporate culture, and motivates employees to have ethical behavior. A corporates top leadership provides a plan for the corporate culture. â€Å"If these leaders fail to express desired ethical behaviors and goals, a corporate culture evolves on its own to reflect the values and norms of the company. Thus, it is not enough to have strong ethical leaders and corporate values initially—anRead MoreThe Performance Of A Team1163 Words   |  5 Pageswill do in a particular circumstance. If a team is motivated to perform a certain way, usually they will follow leadership’s demand and perform a certain way. Even more controversial is an attempt to change the underlying values and beliefs of individual followers. Some writers contend that this type of leader influence is clearly unethical, even when the intended outcome is to benefit followers as well as the organization (e.g., Stephens, D’Intino , Victor, 1995; White Wooten, 1986). If aRead MoreExternal Factors And Their Effects On Organisations Essay1447 Words   |  6 PagesBusinesses need to focus on external factors, as they are uncontrollable and impact each firm in an unexpected way. External Factors can affect the ability of a business or venture to accomplish its key objectives and destinations. These outside components may incorporate; Competition, social, legal, and technological changes, economic and political environment. This research paper will investigate external factors and their effects on organisations. The examination of the topic will be based uponRead MoreThe Ethics Of The Enron Case1622 Words   |  7 Pageshistory. Thousands of people world-wide lost billions of dollars, lost life savings, and lost their jobs. Due to the vast corruption, greed and the blatant disregard for integrity from the very top of Enron leadership, world markets crumbled and investor confidence in corporate America was severely damaged (Chandra, 2003.) We will look at the accounting fraud committed by Enron executives and interested parties. We will run their accounting tactics through the Utility Ethics test to determineRead MoreComparative Study of Mutual Fund Returns Insurance Returns8980 Words   |  36 PagesInternational Journal of Business and Management October, 2008 Mutual Fund vs. Life Insurance: Behavioral Analysis of Retail Investors Dr. Bhagaban Das Senior Reader, P.G. Department of Business Management Fakir Mohan University, Vyasa Vihar-756019, Balasore, Orissa, India Tel: 91-94371-31429 E-mail: bhagaban_fm@yahoo.co.in Ms. Sangeeta Mohanty Associate Professor, Academy of Business Administration Industrial Estate (S1/25), Angaragadia, Balasore – 756001, Orissa, India E-mail: sangeeta_mohanty@rediffmail

Wednesday, May 13, 2020

Is Genetics A Factor One Has No Control Over - 2716 Words

Our life begins prior to conception in some ways. What we will become is determined by factors which are in place before we are conceived. Our genetic makeup, our environment and culture all have an effect on whom we become. Genetics is a factor one has no control over. There are essentially two philosophies on our development. Freud regarded our development relatively complete by adolescence. In contrast, Erikson considered development to continue throughout one’s life span (Feldman, 2014, pp. 14 - 15). John Watson said â€Å"Give me a dozen healthy infants, well-formed, and my own specified world to bring them up in and I ll guarantee to take any one at random and train him to become any type of specialist I might select – doctor, lawyer,†¦show more content†¦In these early twin studies, very consistent effects emerged that suggested one thing: when it comes to personality, genes matter (Kraus, 2013). In some of life’s endeavors one’s personality determines the outcome. Could Watson train them: probably. Would they all be successful at what they were trained in: probably not. There are those with divergent understandings of the development based on external elucidations. Piaget’s theory was that all pass through a defined sequence of universal changes. (Piaget) insisted that cognitive development always follows this sequence, that stages cannot be skipped, and that each stage is marked by new intellectual abilities and a more complex understanding of the world (WebMD, 2014). In Bronfenbrenner approach to the development, he considered the immediate environment, the connection between the various aspects of the immediate environment such as: parents to child, students to teachers, employees to bosses and friends to friends. Those interconnections play a part in the development of an individual (Feldman, 2014, pp. 22 - 23). Another developmentalist, Lev Vygotsky believed complete understanding of child development could not be understood without accounting for the culture in which people develop. â€Å"The socialcultural theory emphasizes how cogni tive development proceeds as a result of social interactions between members of a culture (Feldman, 2014, p. 25). Vygotsky placed

Wednesday, May 6, 2020

America’s Failing War on Drugs and the Culture of Incarceration Free Essays

string(128) " are caught in possession of illicit drugs, is doing nothing to contribute to lessening any of the problems attributed to them\." For over a century, America has waged a failing war on drugs even as it feeds a cultural apathetic and underground acceptance of drug and alcohol use. The views of the dominate group have placed blame on society’s ills on the evils of rampant drug use throughout the past few hundred years, which have given way to a practice of outlawing , persecution, and imprisonment. Such a view has led to the overflow of our state’s prisons, the race to build even more, and need to fund a culture of imprisonment that has a difficult time in trying to figure out if it wants to help the addicted person, or continue to try and fund a gluttonous prison machine. We will write a custom essay sample on America’s Failing War on Drugs and the Culture of Incarceration or any similar topic only for you Order Now We will look at some of the causes for the failed war on drugs, and some of the consequences if our society continues to ignore the need to help the addict, or simply lock them away. America’s failing War on Drugs and the Culture of Incarceration America has always had an underlying culture of drug use with even many of the harder drugs, like cocaine and heroin, being legal up into the early 1900’s, and drugs like methamphetamine and MDMA, or ecstasy, being legal well into the 20th century. Even one of the most invasive drugs of our culture, alcohol, is widely advertised and taken to be a norm of American culture, and prescription drugs like Vicodin and Oxycontin are used by millions legally every day (Brecher, E. M. , n. d. ). However, while alcohol as been able to enjoy its place as an accepted part of the American lifestyle, drug use of the illicit kind has been steadily demonized, criminalized, and used as a means to incarcerate an ever growing number of people, most often minorities and the poor who are unable to afford outside representation. (Steiker, C. S. 2011) It has created an industry and culture of incarceration dependant on keeping certain drugs illegal, and drug use a felonious criminal act, as those in the industry of building prisons and providing prison services, along with many in law enforcement, continue to lobby state and federal government to keep up overzealous laws on drug use, even laws on drugs proven to be less dangerous than alcohol, such as marijuana, which have come to be quite profitable to all involved. The extent of the problem with this unsuccessful war on drugs includes millions of non violent offenders losing parts of their lives, many sentenced to terms in the tens of years under mandatory sentencing, some simply for no more a heinous crime as first time possession of a small amount of marijuana or crack cocaine. The ability to get federal help for school as well as other federal help programs, to engage in certain basic liberties and rights afforded to all Americans by the Bill of Rights, such as the right to vote, or the right to bear arms, are taken away and either incredibly hard to get back, or all but impossible. Furthermore, even when they have finished paying society for their crime, they are still haunted by the deed whenever they look for work, unable to get jobs because of felony convictions, relegating them to jobs of much lower pay and status, even though they themselves may have the education and experience to fulfill jobs of a much higher caliber. (McVay, D. , Schiraldi, V. , Zeidenburg, J. 2004) This process of ‘tough on drugs’ prevention and incarceration keeps the chemically dependent in a vicious cycle where, unable to get help for their addictions and help for success after paying their ‘dues’, their only outcome lies in a repetitive sequence of drug use, bigger crimes to support themselves, and longer imprisonment, in a culture of poverty and incarceration. The outcome is broken hopes, broken dreams, broken families – broken individuals with broken lives. (McVay, D. Schiraldi, V. , Zeidenburg, J. , 2004) If you are not one of these individuals, the problem extends to you – in that it is your tax dollars going to pay for the unsuccessful but profitable war on drugs. Prisoners do not pay for their incarceration – the state and federal government does. The American tax payers pay for housing, food, clothing in both state and federal as well as private prisons, and supervision of these mostly non-violent drug offenders, both inside and outside prison. The tax payer provides the funds for local, state, and federal law enforcement to run their stings, and train their drug dogs and sting operatives, except in the off chance that they intercept a large amount of drug money, or take possession of larger drug dealers properties and vehicles bought with drug money, but rarely are these items sold at value. The burden to pay falls on the state and you, the tax payer, and the state is running out of money to spend on incarcerating an ever growing number of non-violent, drug related prisoners. McVay, D. , Schiraldi, V. , Zeidenburg, J. , 2004) THE CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES Causes While many drugs enjoyed a period of legalization, eventually most drugs have come to find a place as a scapegoat for many of society’s ills, from poverty, unemployment and homelessness, to rape, murder, and reasons to discriminate certain races based on a stereotypical link to a certain drug. (Steiker, C. S. 2011) At one time even alcohol was a major scapegoat for societal problems, but its strong history and presence in Euro-ethnic culture made it difficult to abstain from for many, and when it was shown that prohibition did nothing to stop many of the problems attributed to it and had actually caused an increase in criminal activity and dangerous binge drinking, it was repealed after 13 years, with much celebration. (Brecher, E. M. , n. d. Accordingly in this day and age, some people are coming to the realization that simply outlawing drugs, making harsh laws to imprison or remove people who are caught in possession of illicit drugs, is doing nothing to contribute to lessening any of the problems attributed to them. You read "America’s Failing War on Drugs and the Culture of Incarceration" in category "Papers" In fact, even while we see a decrease in overall crime, we can still see an increase in certain criminal drug activities meant to supply a non-declining need for narcotics, and an ever increasing bill that makes many law makers choose between other programs to help society, or to pay for the rising cost to lock up more and more drug offenders. However, it is still much easier to demonize a drug and the user for problems in society, and we can see that today for instance, as we deal with the problem of unemployment, and the desire of some to legalize marijuana, even for medical purposes. Legalization happens to be a position many of the 99% Occupier groups stand for, but many opponents counter that it’s the drug use of many of those protesters that contribute to their unemployment, and that making medical marijuana legal is just a way for them to continue to get high, but legally. (Bickman, J. , n. d. ) Consequently, many opponents also see drug use as proof f the moral decline of America, and that along with moral ills like gay marriage and abortion, contribute to the fall of our society from its once lofty heights back in the early and mid 1900’s, where homosexuality and drug use were more hidden, but no less prevalent. To this we add the common practice of giving drug possession and distribution large manda tory sentences, some of which show the disparity in the dominant class’s belief in certain drug use being characteristic of certain class or racial groups, or that some drugs are much more dangerous than others, even though science and common sense has told us otherwise. One can only need to take a look at the number of people in jail and prison for marijuana, which is almost benign in its danger when compared to a legal drug such as alcohol, or the disparity in sentencing between crack cocaine and powdered cocaine that was once 100 to 1, or the same penalty for 1 gram of crack cocaine as for 100 grams of powdered cocaine, now down to a mere 18 to 1, with the relation that crack is mostly use by the inner city African American minority, and powdered cocaine used more by the affluent, white dominant suburban group. Amar, V. D. , n. d. ) One area that is sorely underfunded, and has become a pathway to a ‘college of criminality’, is the juvenile justice system. In a 2005, five year study by the National Center on Substance Abuse at Columbia University, the report found that 1. 9 million of the 2. 4 million juveniles arrested over a 5 year period had substance abuse and addiction problems, but that only 68,600 of them received any substance abuse help. Many of those arrested were for violent crimes, however drug use played a huge part in their behavior, and it isn’t hard to take these results into the adult arena, with the finding among adults arrested who were 18 years or older, 64 percent had used drugs or alcohol when they were 17 or younger. One may correctly assume that juveniles who initiate drug and alcohol use and become arrested, and are given incarceration instead of treatment, have a greater chance of growing up to become adults who engage in criminal and drug using behavior. Brown University, 2005) Consequences The consequences of continuing the past policies of the war on drug can be seen today, there is no need to wait on verification or speculation. We can see the ever increasing number of adult and juvenile offenders incarcerated for minor drug offences, as well as those receiving large sentences for other crimes where drugs were involved. We can see the cost and the burden this increasing prison population has to the state and its tax payers, and the struggle lawmakers have to either increase taxes, lower penalties for possession for drug use, or release large numbers of un-treated, chemically dependent, prison taught and economically disadvantaged prisoners because they simply cannot afford to hold them any longer. Without changing the laws, addicts and other chemically dependent users are first convicted and then given treatment. As we already discussed in the beginning, the conviction staying on their arrest record for years, or even permanently, meaning that even after possible successful treatment, the recovering addict is still treated like a pariah when looking for work and an in-depth background check becomes part of the job seeking process. (McVay, D. , Schiraldi, V. , Zeidenburg, J. , 2004)Without any help or hope, the convicted and untreated addict’s only outlook is a continuing life of drug use, and criminal activity to support them. In states like Kentucky, that have seen an increase in its prison population quadruple over the past two decades, looking into new programs that would have offenders volunteer to enter a six to nine month treatment program in jail, rather than a one to two year program in prison that usually carries a five to ten year sentence along with it, would save the state tax payers millions of dollars a year. In Kentucky alone, it costs $500 million dollars a year to house some 22,000 prisoners, 80 percent of them being non-violent drug offenders. The state, like most others, has seen a steady rise in incarcerations with one in 31 Americans behind bars, when Twenty-five years ago, the number was 1 in 77. (Alcoholism Drug Abuse Weekly, 2009) Still, even with such approaches meant to curb the costs of incarcerating convicted addicts, the fact remains that little is being done to reduce the number of people being convicted in the first place, although the offering of more resources to people who are in their first phases of being caught up by law enforcement due to their addictions is a more effective way to start. Alcoholism Drug Abuse Weekly, 2010) Every year it becomes more and more evident, that our countries failing war on drugs and its policy to want to simply incarcerate those to mandatory sentences for even non-lethal drug such as marijuana, the rising cost to investigate, arrest, persecute and house a population of people who show no signs of serious drug use decline, can only mean that newer policies to treat the addi cted, rather than lock them away, are the right way to go if our country wants to fix the problem of our ever increasing culture of incarceration. (McVay, D. , Schiraldi, V. , Zeidenburg, J. , 2004) How to cite America’s Failing War on Drugs and the Culture of Incarceration, Essays

Monday, May 4, 2020

Likes and Dislikes free essay sample

Likes/Dislikes or Hobbies There are many things I like to do in this big World of ours. There are also many things I do not like to do or don’t care for doing. However, the main thing I enjoy doing most is playing basketball. In my spare time I go outside my house and shoot around or I go to the Eastover Recreation Center and play basketball in their gym. Also, I play basketball for Eastover Parks and Recreation during the winter months. I enjoy playing basketball so much because it gives me a way to relieve a lot of my stress and anger. Something unique about me is that I actually enjoy life itself.Life to me means friends and family who you can trust and who trusts you. I am pretty much on the happy side of life, but like all teens I do I have my days of. We will write a custom essay sample on Likes and Dislikes or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page That means I do have some sad days or depressed days. I have a few friends I chill with that sort of look out for me and when I am having a bad day, I also have someone here at school to talk to. I make my school days go by thinking of either the next hour or what I will do when I get home or what I will do when the weekend comes around the corner. I mean if you think about it, you wouldn’t be a happy person if you didn’t live your life like you wanted to. Ive set aside time each day to listen to music for the last five years. I listen to music so often that when Im not listening to it, I find rhythms in footsteps and doors closing and the sound of traffic. Honestly, music to me is home, a constant. When I play a favorite song, the chaos of the day is made clear. Music helps me regress every song an old memory that puts me back a few years, a decade, or last week. Memories are safe places because they cant be altered or erased, and music takes me back. I love the way music can help me zone out and refocus. The way it can put me out of touch with my own body, to the point of grace (I can dance like a fool and feel utterly free to look however silly it is I look). I love the way music connects me with closest friends. The words weve never spoken to each other travel over hummed bars of loved tracks. I love music because its never boring, and like art, is subjective and thats what makes it interesting. Sound is more offensive than visual stimuli, which is why I think certain musical artists have such a bad rap, where a painter or sculptor would be off the hook for a bad portrait or likeness.Music is an accessible art that makes a critic out of everyone. Music was my first love and it will most definitely be my last. Without having music as part of my life, I don’t know what I would do with myself. Last but not least, I have a pet peeve that I cannot stand when someone does, and that is smacking your gum. As a kid and until about age 13 I was that person who loved to smack their gum. I loved to loudly pop my gum and blow huge bubbles. I eventually grew out of it. Now I cant stand to see anybody doing that! I can forgive kids doing that.. .They are just being kids and acting their age. But seeing/hearing older teens and adults doing that just touches my nerves o another level. Smacking gum isn’t my only pet peeve, chewing with your mouth open also gets on my nerves very bad. Is it okay for people to eat with their mouths open? No! Is it okay for people to burp out loud? No! When people are working they should be considerate of other people and not make annoying noises. All in all, just be aware that people around you may not like smacking whether you like it or not.

Monday, March 30, 2020

Pope Urban II Essays (401 words) - Crusades, Christianization

Pope Urban II Pope Urban II had called the Christians to join him in a Holy War to reclaim the Holy Lands as an act of Christianity, but there were many activities that took place that weren't characteristics of Christianity. The Crusades were a smokescreen for Pope's craving for power and control. The Crusades were the idea of Pope Urban II, a wise Frenchman. On November 18, 1095 AD, Pope Urban II opened the Council of Clermont. Nine days later, the Pope made a very important speech just outside the French city of Clermont-Ferrand. In his speech, he asked the people to help the Christians' effort to restore peace to the East. The Crusades had originally been to help the Churches in the East, but the now it was to reclaim the Holy Land, especially Jerusalem from the Muslims. Pope Urban II stayed in France until September 1096 in hopes of providing leadership for the First Crusaders. Urban had originally hoped for the crusading army to be composed of mostly knights and other warriors, but his speech had already began spreading throughout the west, and many people of different social classes started joining the crusading army. (Foss, Michael. pg. 23) Because of this Urban lost all control of the army, which led to the slaughter of Jews in northern France. These poor people also caused strain on the armies supplies and discipline. They were never trained and they were poor, so they couldn't bring anything and were poorly disciplined(Foss, Michael. pg. 24). The entire crusading army had planned on reaching the city of Constantinople, but because of their lack of supplies and training the vast majority of them were slaughtered before they got there. The few troops that did reach Constantinople split up into two groups. One group tried to capture Nicaea, a key city that blocked the road of their supply routes. This group was unsuccessful. The other group was attacked near the city of Civetot in October. The few survivors retreated to Constantinople and joined the second wave of Crusaders. (Phillips, Jonathan. pg. 59) Religious beliefs were a major motive of the crusaders. In Urban's speech to the people of Clermont-Ferrand, Urban guaranteed the complete forgiveness of all sins to any crusader that lost his life in the name of the Crusades. Urban also proclaimed "It is necessary that you bring to your brothers in the East the help so often promised and so urgently needed. They have been attacked, as many of you know, by Turks and Arabs... Churches have been destroyed and the countryside laid waste.

Saturday, March 7, 2020

Religion In Public Life Essays - Prayer, Spirituality, Free Essays

Religion In Public Life Essays - Prayer, Spirituality, Free Essays Religion In Public Life Prayer in school has been the topic of the century, Is it right to pray in school, stated a Texas teacher. The society as a whole believes it is wrong, but there is some people that thinks it would be a good addition to our school. Maybe it will lower school violence. Yeah, right, whatever! Come on people, be a little intelligent. Our country has had violence before we created prayer in school. Religion will probably make it worse. Sociologists has taken a look at this issue. They perceived it preposterous. Sociologist think if we had prayer in school, might as well force us to read a bible and say amen every time a teacher finishes a sentence. Prayer in school is ridiculous and absurd. Sociologists opposes school prayer for a number of reasons. To begin, it is unconstitutional and a clear violation of our First Amendment. Remember, that amendment contains the Establishment Clause which prohibits the government fromestablishing religion. Simply put, secular institutions like the publ ic schools should NOT be a forum for religious ritual or indoctrination. And do a majority of people support school prayer? Often, those results depend on exactly how the question happens to be asked. Surveys suggest that most people reject the notion of mandatory prayer. But even if the overwhelming majority thought that prayer was, somehow, a good idea, that does not make the practice ethically just or constitutional. Sociologists also points out, in opposing school prayer, that prayer is not efficacious. School prayer is obviously a form of religious indoctrination; it teaches children that there are invisible, supernatural entities which can be implored and appeased through mumbling prayers or reading from holy books. Many people believe that just because there is a bible, does it mean we have to take it seriously. If we wrote a book and put it in a time capsule and send it back 4000 years ago it will become a religion. What about school initiated prayer? Before getting excited about student initiated prayer, ask yourself: which students are doing the initiating? Student populations often reflect the diversity of the culture. Some students may wish to pray in class or at official school ceremonies like graduation exercises or sporting events, but are they being fair to other students who may not wish to pray? Lately, there have been court cases involving this very question. It is clear that even in areas such as Utah where a school may have a high percentage of students from the same religious background, not all students feel comfortable with this bogus student led religious ritual. If you see a huge group of people praying will you join them? The survey says 1 out of 4 students say yes. The reason is, they want to keep their friends. Sociologists believe teen peer pressure is why this is the way it is. What about a moment of silence? What for? Why do we need a moment of silence? School prayer boosters have sometimes proposed this as a way of establishing a legal precedent which, they hope, will eventually lead toward explicit and vocal school prayer. Over a decade ago, the Supreme Court struck down this type of proposal; legislation of this type often calls for the moment of silence to be used for meditation or prayer. Besides, consider the declining number of hours that students are in school each year. Every moment should be used for useful and educational instruction, not meditating! The whole idea of this is if we create some way to do this, without violating any rights, it wont effect any one. But yes it does, even a moment of silence is basically saying you must do this or else... Our government has always stood by the First Amendment, For one reason. The First Amendment creates an issue with how to stop certain things from happening. There is a lot of power in the First Amendment. But, our government exercises this right narrowly. We are always battling with the First Amendment. There is a lot of culture in this issue. One main reason we live in America is because we wanted the right to believe in a god, many gods, or no god(s)

Thursday, February 20, 2020

Organizational beilefs Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Organizational beilefs - Essay Example The employees have been guided to follow the instructions of the organizational leaders because they are primarily responsible for taking decisions and their subordinates have to follow them. Employees are not recommended to challenge the decision of the leader because it will create a rift and organizational functionality will suffer. However, if employees are interested to bring change in the company then they are strongly suggested to follow the process of change management but again in order to do that they need support of the top management and therefore, usually they have to shut their mouths and keep on doing what are asked to do. I have worked with a news agency which was operating to report and partially analyzed developments of American stock exchanges. The job was a hectic and rather painful one too. I started to the job with great level of enthusiasm as it was my first placement. My energies ran out after working for three months. The most fundamental and important cause of my disinterest stemmed out of my suffering of psychological contract breach as I started to think that my efforts, energies and intellect were being wasted as I work for this particular organization. The job was challenging and therefore, needed a significant level of struggle on my part but the organizational leadership was not willing to recognize my contributions to a certain level because they had to pay me more which they were unwilling to do at that point in time. The basic organizational belief was to work in order to exploit people and the organization was notorious for not striking the balance between one’s efforts and compensation. I on the other hand believed that the company must benefit the workers so that a viable, reasonable and acceptable level of social exchange can be forged between an employer and its employees. The company was operating in an entirely different way. Secondly, the leader of the organization told me that they are

Tuesday, February 4, 2020

Systems Analysis and Design_Aug13 Assignment - Nancy's Novelty Cakes

Systems Analysis and Design_Aug13 - Nancy's Novelty Cakes - Assignment Example 24 Schedule 24 b) Spreadsheet program 25 Task 3- B Graph 26 Increase in Sales Each Year 26 The above given graph clearly indicates that this investment will bring increase to expected sales. 27 Sales v/s Revenue 27 27 Above given graph demonstrates the relationship between sales and revenue. This graph clearly shows an increase in sales due to the increase in revenue. 27 Task 3- C 27 In this analysis I have shown a relationship between different variables such as the overall sales and total revenue. These relationships are demonstrates over a progress of four years and in a steady fashion. These relationships outline a steady line of increase in sales and overall increase in revenue after 2 years. ... ign 33 References 34 Introduction Nancy’s Novelty Cakes is a small confectionery business, which is expert in making novel and special occasion cakes for customers. Up till now, this company has been using a traditional approach for the management of its business operations. In this scenario, it has developed and maintained a file of cakes designs along with costs associated with those cakes. With the passage of time the management realized that this traditional approach is not useful for the successful management of business operations. Hence, they have decided to develop and implement a new technology based system. In this scenario, Nancy’s Novelty Cakes business is looking for an effective way to replace its old manual system they have had for the last 5 years with a new computerised system. I am a member of IT Company that is specialized in design and development of computerised business systems. Our consultancy firm has won a contract from this client. In this case our team is responsible for the development and implementation of a new technology based system for the better corporate operational and procedures management. This report presents a detailed analysis of some of the important aspects associated with the development and implementation of this new system. This report will discuss the requirements specification and design related aspects of Nancy Nancy’s Novelty Cakes business. This report is divided into different tasks and each task addresses specific topic. Task 1 a) System lifecycle model Software/system development lifecycle or simply the SDLC is a theoretical outline or process that demonstrates the phases or steps required for the development of a software application. In fact, this process outlines all the steps from preliminary feasibility

Monday, January 27, 2020

History of Atomic Theory

History of Atomic Theory The atomic theory is developed since 2000 years ago the Greek philosopher Democritus proposed that there was a limit to how small one could be divide matter, this smallest matter indivisible particle was called atom. However this atomic theory of Democritus was criticized by Aristotle who proposed a model based on four basic elements of earth, air, fire and water. Aristotles view held for the next 2000 years as it better suited religious beliefs of the time. In 1801, an English teacher named John Dalton proposed his atomic theory which stated matter is composed of all small indivisible atoms, elements contain one type of atom; different elements contain different atoms, compounds contain more than one type of atom. In 1904, British physicist J.J Thomson and others demonstrated that cathode rays (electrons) were present in all matter. Thomson proposed that the atom was a sphere of positive charge in which embedded were rings of negative charges (electrons) , like plums in a pudding. Lather on, in 19 century, the discoveries of radiation leads to a new progress of Physics. We knew that certain elements emitting radiation, this suggested that atoms are no longer indivisible and not indestructible, as proposed in Daltons atomic model. Radiation provides an important tool for the study of matter. In 1911, Rutherford first suggested the use of alpha particles to probe the internal structure of the atom. Finally, the nucleus and its protons were discovered. Rutherfords scattering experiment Ernest Rutherford, directed an experiment to Hans Geiger and Ernest Marsden in 1909, in which the newly discovered alpha particles (Helium nuclei) were fired at a thin gold foil layer which only a few atom thick. At that time the atom was thought to be analogous plum pudding by Thomson with a negative charge (the plum) throughout the positive sphere (the pudding). Most of the alpha particle passed through with no or only very small deflections in a vacuum (see figure), as would been excepted on the Thomson model of the atom current at the time. About 1 in 8000 was deflected through angles greater than 90 degree. The result was so unexpected that Rutherford was very unexpected that Rutherford was promoted to write†¦.it was almost incredible as if you fired a 15 inch shell at a piece of tissue and it came back and hit you. Therefore Rutherford concluded that majority of the mass of the atom was concentrated in the nucleus. The small size of the nucleus explained the small number of the alpha particles that were repelled each other in this way. Rutherford showed that the size of the nucleus was less than about 10 -14m. Bohrs model, how it fit experimental observation Accelerated electrons emitted and lose energy which predicted by Predicted by Maxwell and confirmed by Hertz, however the electron doesnt spin into the nucleus because of energy losing. Later on, In 1903.H.G.J Morseley found simple, regular relationship between the frequencies of X-ray emission line, thus it provided an evidence to support Bohrs model. Scientist began to work on an alternating model to replace it. Bohrs postulates In 1913 the Danish physicist Niels Bohr (1885~1992), put forward some radical propositions to account for the discrepancies between Rutherfords model of the atom and the available experimental evidence. Bohrs postulates are 1. Electron can remove in certain allowed orbitsstationary states (energy) without radiating energy. 2.when an electron falls from a higher energy level to a lower energy level, it emits energy that is quantised by the plank relationship E2 E 1= hf. 3. Augular momentum (mvr) is quantised and can only take values of the nh / 2Ï€ when n is the principal quantum number. The first postulate account for the stability of the atom. However why the these stationary state excited was unknown. They exist was a fact. The second postulate explains the line emission spectra. Emission (or absorption) of Energy is discontinuous and corresponds to a transition between two stationary states. Since the energy can be quantized, the emission, the frequency of the emitted (or absorbed) radiation is predetermined. A transition between different states will lead to difference frequencies or colours. The third postulate effectively sets limits on the radius of the allowed orbits. Bohrs model Bohr realised that if his model was correct, each atom would have a spectral fingerprint to the differences between electron energy level in that atom. The Rydberg equation which also known as Balmer equation, has given him evidence for the quantised emission of the energy from hydrogen atom, leading him to going on to further his model and define his postulate. So the hydrogen spectrum was very significant to the development of Bohrs model of the atom, because without the understanding of it, Bohr may not continue his work of the model. Produced and observable when hydrogen gas was excited by the addition of energy. The equation in the original form was modified by Rhydberg until it worked and could be applied to explain the spectrum of hydrogen by using integer values of n, only as suggested by Bohr in his postulates. Quantum number and quantum changes Its possible to determine the energy of each orbit using Bohrs model and from this construct an energy level Figure for hydrogen. The figure below shows the energy these energy levels. Alternatively a transition between stationary states can be show in figure. B. The Balmer series of lines occurs when the electrons fall to the n=2 level from n=2 level n=3,4,5 and 6 levels. This is illustrated differently in figure. B. How Bohr describes the hydrogen spectra Bohrs model of the atom wad quite similar to that of Rutherfords with two important differences firstly, it assisted positions to the electrons, but secondly the electron energy level s were quantised. This was radically new, the idea that electrons had energy states and could absorb and emit energy to change states, and had no evidence. Bohr realised that if his model was correct, each atom would have a spectral fingerprint to the differences between electron energy level in that atom. The Rydberg equation provided him evidence for the quantised emission of the energy from hydrogen atom. It leads him to going on to further his model and defines his postulate. So the hydrogen spectrum was important to the development of Bohrs model of the atom. The energy levels describe by Bohr is clearly marked. According to Bohr, the Balmer series (shown on the bottom of the diagram as the hydrogen spectrum) was cause by changing energy levels, in the process releasing light. As shown, larger energy changes produce more energetic photons, as seen in Balmers series, as further, this diagram shows how the Balmer series is formed by successive electron transition to the 2ndshell (transition to other shell produce additional lines named after their discoveries.) This is a great achievement that the Bohr s model is able to provide a physical basis for the Balmer series formula. From his second postulate E f Ei= hf. (i) states for initial energy level (f)states for final energy level Ei=1/ni2E1and Ef=1/nf2E1 hence: hf =1/ nf2E1-1/ ni2E1=(1/ nf2-1/ ni2) E1 And since c=fA=>A=c/f the expression reduces to 1/A=E1/hcX(1/ nf2-1/ ni2) where R states for Rydbergs constant, RH(hydrogen)1.097X 107m-1. By using the mixture of classical physics and quantum physics, Bohr was able to define the equation for the spectral lines of hydrogen. He didnt know why the electrons obeyed his rules. These were purely empirical results. Problems with the model For all the success, the Bohr model of the atom had serious limitations: It and ad hoc mixture of classical and quantum physics; it allows some laws of the classical physics held and others did not. Hydrogen has only one electron, and Bohrs postulate are only able to explain it. It cant work fo r multi-electron atoms. It could not explain the relative intensities of the spectral line; some lines were more intense to the others and it was not known why this should occur. Certain spectral line were foun of a number of very fine and close lines and the cause of these hyperfine spectral lines could not be explained. The splitting of spectral lines when the sample was placed in a magnetic field (called the Zeeman effect, and discussed below) could also not be explained. The postulates faced a problem that it is suited for larger atom. Hydrogen is the simplest atom containing only one electron. Similarity He+and Li+have one electron. Bohrs model works with theses atom and ions. In all the other atoms however the electron interact with each other. In a larger atoms the outer electrons are shielded from the nucleus by the inner electrons. Interaction between electrons also result in different energy levels. The affect Bohrs model to the extent that the spectra of multiple electrons could not be explain. When the spectrum of the hydrogen was examined it was noted that the emission line varied in intensity. Some were quite intense and others were less intense; some were sharp and some were boarder. The following figure. illustrate these differences. Bohrs model could not explain these features but later it was explained that electron orbited in a ellipse and not in a circles. As the developing of the light spectroscopes improved it was found that some of the spectral lines were made up with hyperfine lines. This suggestion spitted Bohrs energy level theory; however there was no explanation for this. The Zeeman Effect Zeeman Effect occurred when a magnetic field us pass through a discharge tube. The magnetic field increased the hyperfine splitting of spectral lines, further breaking them up. As the limitation, Bohrs model was unable to explain the experimental evidence. In 1896 a Dutch physics Pieter Zeeman (1865-1943) found that when he placed a source of sodium light between the poles of a strong magnet the lines split into three or more. This could not explain by Bohrs model, The spectral line of some elements can even split to 15 lines. This is called the anomalous Zeeman effect. It cant be explain by that time, and it leads to the new developing of the model to explain it. This begin with the work of de Broglie. The following is the formal definition of Zeeman Effect: The splitting of single spectral lines of an emission or absorption spectrum of a substance into three or more components when the substance is placed in a magnetic field. The effect occurs when several electron orbits in the same shell, which normally have the same energy level, have different energies due to their different orientations in the magnetic field. A normal Zeeman Effectis observed when a spectral line of an atom splits into three lines under a magnetic field. Astronomers can use the Zeeman Effect to measure magnetic fields of stars. The following diagrams shows the normal spectral line and the Zeeman effect. References Textbooks 1. Excell HSC physics by Neville Warren published in 2007 2. Jacaranda Physics Second Edition published in 2004 3. Bohr and quantum theory by Paul Strathern in1998 4. Physics Spectrum by Peter H.Eastwell published by McGrathHill in 2000. Websites Ruthorford scattering experiment http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherford_scattering last updated 19 July 2008 http://library.thinkquest.org/19662/high/eng/exp-rutherford.html Atomic structure discovered http://www.neoam.cc.ok.us/~rjones/Pages/online1014/chemistry/chapter_8/pages/atomic_structure_discover.html Figures Figure1.Demorcuris http://www.dl.ac.uk/TCS/Software/DL_POLY/ATTIC/DEMOCRITUS/Pictures/democritus.jpg Figure2. Aristotle http://www.bun.kyoto-u.ac.jp/phisci/Images/aristotle.jpg Figure3. John Dalton http://www.learner.org/channel/courses/essential/physicalsci/images/s4.dalton.jpg Figure4. J.J Thomsonhttp://www.wired.com/images/article/full/2008/04/jj_thompson_400px.jpg Figure5.Henri Becquerelhttp://www.mlahanas.de/Physics/Bios/images/HenriBecquerel.jpg Figure6. Ernest Rutherfordhttp://z.about.com/d/chemistry/1/0/n/T/rutherford1.jpg Figure7. Niels Bohrhttp://www.springtimepublishers.com/images/Niels_Bohr.jpg

Sunday, January 19, 2020

Persuasive Essay on John Proctor from the Crucible Essay

Who is John Proctor? Is he is a hero, a villain, a conqueror? Some may think he is craven, but others may credit him with great fortitude. This brave man was one of many who died for what he believed in. Although many people tried to persuade him to do otherwise, he stood his ground and died an innocent man. John had many reasons for choosing what he did. At first he was going to confess to save his life and be with his family. When Danforth made him sign the paper so he could post it on the Church doors, Proctor lost it. â€Å"It is my name! Because I cannot have another in my life! Because I lie and sign myself to lies! Because I am not worth the dust on the feet of them that hang! How may I live without my name? I have given you my soul; leave me my name!† is something he yelled to the court right after signing the paper. It was his name that they were taking away from him and it was the only one he will ever get. His sons will carry on that name, and if they post his it up for everyone to see, his good name will be ruined. Proctor is looking out for his sons, so they can carry on the family name with good reputation. Proctor had a right to not want his name up on the church doors. He didn’t want everybody seeing that he had confessed that he was a witch. John is supposed to be the guy everyone in the town looks up to. He didn’t want them seeing that he had committed a sin just so he could keep his life. He felt there was no need for them to use him to get other people to follow in his steps and lie. Proctor said to the court, â€Å" You will not use me! I am no Sarah Good or Tituba, I am John Proctor! You will not use me! It is no part of salvation that you should use me!† As a result of all this anger, John rips up the paper he signed. That being the case, John Proctor was hanged for the assumptions of being a witch. I know you all are outraged by the aftermath of all this, but Proctor made the right choice. He was concerned about having his â€Å"confession† made public. He was primarily afraid that his sons would never respect him and would think of him as craven fo r giving into the court. He died for the good of his family, not himself.

Saturday, January 11, 2020

Evolution of Human Speech Essay

It can not be disputed that speech is an important aspect in communication and above all it enables man to adapt to his environment by expressing his feelings, thoughts and sentiments. The power of the spoken word is also apparent in different authorities at it reflects what should be done and the ultimate success of the society. This illustrates why this art was adopted millions of years ago by the ancient man and has been used since then. However, the origin and development of speech is still unclear with various theories being put forward to address this issue. The most recent development in this field has been the proposal that this unique human characteristic developed from the gene FOXP2 in the KE family. However, this is yet to be affirmed as counter propositions have been raised, both by scientists, anthropologists and biologists. It is upon this background that this paper aims at analyzing the different phases of the evolution of human speech. Speech is a complex occurrence that is characterized by intonation and flow. However, Hewitt emphasizes that gestures are the most fundamental aspect of speech because of the fact that speech emanates from the movement of certain body organs in a systematic manner (342). From this, he further argues that the earliest human beings essentially used gestures in communication (342). This marked the earliest form and starts a journey to modern human speech. According to Crow, man definitely developed this sign language from the birds and the insect gestures (49). In this respect, he indicates that the birds usually take a material for nesting to the partner as a sign of proposal. In addition, the bees usually move their tails in a certain specific motion when they land on a flower that has nectar. From observing the characters of these and other animals like the dogs and the cats, man came up with a sign language to enable him communicate just like the other animals (Hewitt 342). As such different gestures were adopted by man to symbolize different things and ideas. For example, waving meant good bye, putting fingers on the lips meant keep quiet and shaking ones head meant disagreement. Hauser indicates that these gestures are still being used by the modern man and has the same implication (52). In addition, the gestures are universal and mean the same thing in diverse cultures. This has an implication that speech developed from a single source. Further, by watching the animals such as dogs and chimpanzees make some sounds when expressing different emotions, Maddeison points out that man also imitated them and came up with certain syllables that could convey the different emotions like for instance crying, laughing among others (56). Indeed, he affirms that the traditional man was able to grunt, cry and produce other emotional sounds with the help of his laryngeal glands. However, Hewitt argues that man developed speech because of his craftsmanship (342). To this end, he indicates that as man involved his hands in practical activities like Agriculture and crafts, he increasingly found it difficult to use his hands to communicate by gesturing while working at the same time. Furthermore, since his eyes also concentrated on the duties he was doing, it became difficult to see and acknowledge the gestures. According to Hewitt, this prompted him to derive other ways of expressing his ideas while working at the same time (342). Thus, Crow shows that he developed this using the lips and the tongue and that is when speech was born (57). Development of speech is thus related to the gestures that man once used. In this respect, it can be noted that children that are learning how to write often twist their tongues as their hands move. In addition, it can be observed that when a person is using a pair of scissors to cut anything, usually, the jaws of the person also move simultaneously. From this, Hewitt argues that it can be concluded that as it became more and more difficult to use hands in gesturing, man adopted the gestures using his jaw, lips and tongue (342). Hence, the development of speech is actually related to the activities that man engaged in. In other words, man adopted his speech from movement of his hands as he concentrated on different activities. With time, man got used to using the jaw, tongue and lips and his hands retired completely from gesturing. Afterwards another vital discovery was made that if air could be blown through the nose or mouth as the jaw, lips and the tongue moved systematically, these movements could become audible either as whispers or as sounds (Hauser p. 55). This reflected the sounds of grunting, snoring and crying made by man initially. As a result man was able to hear these sounds and hence communicate even when in the dark or when away from his peers, something he could not do earlier on. However, it was soon realized that not all movements of the jaws, lips and tongue were successful in producing these audible and coherent sounds. Hence, according to Hewitt, man decided to limit the mouth movement to up and down and not sideways (343). This was very effective in producing the coherent and audible sounds and man was then able to communicate effectively. Afterwards, man realized that the repetition of these sounds could make words and many words could make a speech. He made this idea practical while relatively using the words and finally, he was able to communicate clearly. In addition, Hauser argues that the development of these words was contributed to by the activities that man engaged in (57). For example, he explains that the word â€Å"sip† originates from the act is sipping. According to him, when man sips any liquid, and air is blown in to the mouth, the sounds of sip sap are produced. This explains how the word sipping came in to existence. It should be noted that these words are acknowledged ad appreciated universally and including in English. In the development of speech, Crow points out that man started with simple words and consonants before developing more complex words (62). To this effect, he indicates that the baboon can say certain simple words like man, is, eat amongst others although it can not use the words successively to make a sentence. Likewise, Crow contents that the development of speech took the same pattern (62). According to him, man started with simple words like go, eat, is amongst others before he came up with more complex words. However, unlike the baboon, man was able to repeat these sounds because he has two interlinked tubes in the vocal track while the baboon and the chimpanzee have only one (Crow p. 63). This explains while these animals, besides being hominids can not use speech. Words differ considerably because of the different environment and other scenarios that are unique to different areas. These include the climatic conditions, culture and other natural episodes and scenarios that characterize different areas. Despite this, Hewitt asserts that speech originated from the very first attempt by man to use lips, the tongue and jaws (343). This development is perceived to have occurred almost 400,000 years ago when is thought to have developed the essential organs to aid in the same. Specifically, the hypoglossal canal is perceived to be instrumental in attaining this condition and the right size for this is thought to have developed at this time. In addition, the gland is effective in transferring the relevant signals to the brain which then develops the ideas to be passed on. Despite the development of these vital organs, it is not clear whether speech developed concurrently or later on as other studies point out that speech developed only 100000 years ago (Maddeison, p. 62). To this effect, he argues that other vital features in speech development like the long neck developed almost 100000 years ago and therefore, speech developed then. Conclusion In conclusion, it can be ascertained that the development of speech in man is a phenomenon that started millions of years ago. This started by man imitating the gestures made by birds, insects and animals. Then, he started emulating the sounds made by the same and gradually developed his own sound system. It is also worth noting that the advent of craftsmanship contributed a great deal to the development of speech. In fact, it can be argued that this was the major factor that made man develop his speech. Works Cited Davidson, Hauser. Development of Speech in the Hominids; Cambridge: University Press, 1997. Foged, Maddeison. The Diversity in Linguistics; UK: Oxford, 1996. McLarnon, Hewitt. â€Å"Anthropology: The Origin and Development of Human Speech† American journal of Linguistic Inquiry, 109 (3) 1999: 341-343 Ploog, Crow,J. The Modern Man and Development of Speech; UK: Ox

Friday, January 3, 2020

The Partition onf India - 1231 Words

The Partition of India in August, 1947 was a significant event in history that accounted for the separation of one of the world’s oldest civilization into two, independent nations – Pakistan and India. Like many other wars in history, The Partition of India was instigated by religious, political and social conflict. This resulted in violence, discrimination and the largest human displacement in contemporary history. While the Partition was well-studied, much of our understanding was focused on the political side of history, not the human side of it. This was why oral history played an important role in manifesting the complexity of a historical event. Our focus here is Maya Rani’s testimony from Butalia’s book, The Other Side of Silence:†¦show more content†¦To Rani, ‘people dying here, others dying there’ (cited in Butalia, 2000, p.268) was something that happened every day, it was no surprise to her. Thus, Rani’s cynical view about the future of India and Pakistan was conceivably drawn from memories of witnessing horrendous fights and strife throughout her whole life (cited in Butalia, 2000, p.268). Official documents have little say about women and children of the Partition as they were viewed as a collective. Earlier reports on the abduction of women only gave the reader the statistics and brief statements that glorified community nationalism rather than the victims itself. Many failed to dwell into the individual trauma of this particular group (Menon Bhasin, 1998, p.11). Rani’s testimony was significant in that not only it opened us to another outlook from a witness point of view; it also revealed that people who were not physically involved were also affected psychologically. This was also the only part in the testimony where Rani displayed sympathy and grievance. Her sensitivity and deep connection with these victims correlated with age and gender. Her emphasis on the words ‘young’ and ‘girl’ throughout her testimony evoked our sense of disbelief that people would do such inhumane things to each other (cited in Butalia, 2000, p.271). Her hesitant manner, evident