Design of Shaft | Basis of rigidity

Design of Shaft | Basis of rigidity DESIGN OF SHAFT ON THE BASIS OF RIGIDITY AND STRENGTH CALCULATION AND ANGLE OF TWIST Design of Shaft: †¢ A shaft is a rotating member usually of circular crossection (solid or hollow), which is used to transmit power and rotational motion. Axles are non rotating member. †¢ Elements such as gears, pulleys (sheaves), flywheels , clutches , and sprockets are mounted on the shaft and are used to transmit power from the driving device(motor or engine) through a machine. †¢ The rotational force (torque) is transmitted to these elements on the shaft by press fit, keys, dowel, pins. †¢ The shaft rotates on rolling contact or bush bearings. †¢ Various types of retaining rings, thrust bearings, grooves and steps in the shaft are used to take up axial loads and locate the rotating elements. Design of Shafts on the Basis of Rigidity: †¢ Shafts must be rigid enough to avoid excessive deflection †¢ Two types of rigidity:  § Torsional rigidity  § Lateral rigidity Torsional Rigidity: †¢ Important for camshafts where timing of the valves are important †¢ Estimate the total angle of twist in radians †¢ Use torsion equation Lateral Rigidity: †¢ Important for  § Transmission shafting  § Shafts running at high speed †¢ Lateral deflection must be minimised to avoid:  § Gear teeth alignment problems  § Bearing related problems †¢ The lateral deflection (y) and the slope (ÃŽ ¸) may be determined by equations from the strength of materials Design of Shafts Based on Strength: Stresses in Shafts: †¢ Shear stresses due to torsional load †¢ Bending stresses due to the forces coming from gears, pulleys, etc. †¢ Stresses due to combined torsional and bending loads Angle of twist for circular members: Angle of twist : When one end of shaft is fixed and the other end is twisted, the angle twisted is the angle of twist. Find the relative rotation of section B-B with respect to section A-A of the solid elastic shaft as shown in the when a constant torque T is being transmitted through it. The polar moment of inertia of the cross-sectional area J is constant. Concepts involved: Angle of twist in circular members Formulae used: ÃŽ ¸=∠« Txdx/JG Where, φ= Angle of twist Tx = torque at distance x Jx = polar moment of area at distance x G = Shear modulus Solution: Step 1: Here neither torque nor J changes with x so, Tx = T and Jx = J And limit is between 0 to L so we get: ÃŽ ¸=TL/JG Note: In applying the above equation, note particularly that the angle φ must be expressed in radians. Also observe the great similarity of this relation equation Δ =PL/AE, for axially loaded bars. Here φ ⇔ Δ T⇔ P, J⇔ Α, and G⇔ E. By the analogy, this equation can be recast to express the torsional spring constant, or torsional stiffness, kt as Kt = T/ÃŽ ¸ = JG /L [N-m/rad] This constant torque required to cause a rotation of 1 radian, i.e., φ = 1. It depends only on the material properties and the size of the member. As for axially loaded bars, one can visualize torsion members as springs. The reciprocal of kt defines the torsional flexibility ft. Hence, for a circular solid or hollow shaft. ft = 1/kt = L / JG [ rad/N-m] This constant defines the rotation resulting from application of a unit torque, i.e., T = 1. On multiplying by the torque T, one obtains the current equation . Shaft Design: Shaft Design consists primarily of the determination of the correct shaft diameter to ensure satisfactory strength and rigidity when the shaft is transmitting power under various operating and loading conditions. Shafts are usually circular in cross section, and may be either hollow or solid. Design of shafts of ductile materials, based on strength, is controlled by the maximum shear theory. And the shafts of brittle material would be designed on the basis of the maximum normal stress theory. Various loads subjected on Shafting are torsion, bending and axial loads. Torsional stresses: (Ï„) The Torsional formula is given by: T/J=G ÃŽ ¸/L=Ï„/r Here T=torque or Torsional moment, N-mm J=polar moment of inertia, mm4 = Ï€ d4/32 ,Where d is the solid shaft diameter. = Ï€( do 4- d i 4 ) /32 Where do and di are outer and inner diameter of the hollow shaft respectively. G=Modulus of elasticity in shear or modulus of rigidity, MPa ÃŽ ¸=Angle of twist, radians l= Length of shaft , mm r= Distance from the Neutral axis to the top most fibre , mm = d/2 (For solid shaft) = do /2(For hollow shaft) Shear (Ï„) stress on the outer surface of a shaft, for a torque (T) : For solid circular section:  · Ï„ = Tr / J = 16T / Ï€ d3 For hollow circular section:  · Ï„ = Tr / J =16T do / Ï€ do 4- d i 4 ) Design of Shafts for Fatigue (Fluctuating Loads): †¢ Shafts are generally subjected to fluctuating torques and bending moments may fail due to fatigue †¢ Combined shock and fatigue factors must be taken into account †¢ Modify the equivalent twisting and bending moments. Power Transmitting Shaft: * Shaft Design consists primarily of the determination of the correct shaft diameter to ensure satisfactory strength and rigidity when the shaft is transmitting power under various operating and loading conditions. Shafts are usually circular in cross section, and may be either hollow or solid. * Design of shafts of ductile materials, based on strength, is controlled by the maximum shear theory. And the shafts of brittle material would be designed on the basis of the maximum normal stress theory. * Various loads subjected on Shafting are torsion, bending and axial loads. Crank Shaft: * A crankshaft is used to convert reciprocating motion of the piston into rotary motion or vice versa. The crankshaft consists of the shaft parts, which revolve in the main bearings, the crank pins to which the big ends of the connecting rod are connected, the crank arms or webs, which connect the crankpins, and the shaft parts. The crankshaft, depending upon the position of crank, may be divided into the following two types. * The crankshaft is the principal member of the crank train or crank assembly, which latter converts the reciprocating motion of the pistons into rotary motion. It is subjected to both torsional and bending stresses, and in modern high-speed, multi-cylinder engines these stresses may be greatly increased by resonance, which not only renders the engine noisy, but also may fracture the shaft. In addition, the crankshaft has both supporting bearings (or main bearings) and crankpin bearings, and all of its bearing surfaces must be sufficiently large so that the unit bearing load cannot become excessive even under the most unfavorable conditions. At high speeds the bearing loads are due in large part to dynamic forces-inertia and centrifugal. Fortunately, loads on main bearings due to centrifugal force can be reduced, and even completely eliminated, by the provision of suitable counterweights. All dynamic forces increase as the square of the speed of rotation. (i.e. FDynamic↑â‡⠀™Speed2↑) REFRENCES: * Engineering mechanics static and dynamics my A.K. Tayal * www.sciencedirect.com * Mechaical Sciences by G.K. LAL * www.physicsclassroom.com

Nudity and Sex in Advertising :: Advertising Advertisements Media Essays

Nudity and Sex in Advertising I have chosen to research and write about the controversy of nudity and sex in advertising in the United States of America. Many people oppose advertising that uses sex and nudity to sell products, while others believe that there is nothing wrong with sex or nudity displayed in adverting. For my final research paper I have chosen to argue with the side that believes it is okay to advertise usually nudity and sex. Countries in Europe use full frontal nudity and sex to sell products all the time and not as many people are offended by the advertisements compared to people in America. I will be discussing why Americans view these advertisements different than Europeans and why with out these advertisements they are making the situation worse. The topic of nudity and sex in advertising is important to all television viewers because if nudity and sex are banned from advertising, what will be banned next. Any thing could be banned with the support of a enough people, so we have to draw a line somewhere. I believe that hopefully my research and conclusions will help change the minds of at least a few people and maybe even start a revolution to allow nudity and sex in advertising. Maybe no one will read my paper or change there minds about the topic, but at least I can say that I tried and gave it my best. I hope though to become more knowledgeable about the topic for later encounters with this controversy. Virgin Mobile has decided to move away from nudity in their campaigns and move more to conservative advertisements. They believe that the change will indeed change them from â€Å"sinners to saints.† Their old ads had nude women wearing only a clear cell phone box where now the ads will contain teenagers talking to religious figures such as priests, monks, and rabbis. They decided to make the change with all the pressure advertising and the media has been getting from showing sex and nudity. I will be using this article in my paper that condemns using nudity and sex in advertising and the media. It will help me show even companies are actually listening to their viewers and in the end changing their advertisements. Word count: 123 Cuneo, Alice Z.

Mama Day :: essays research papers

The entire structure of Mama Day is fitting to the telling of multiple love stories entertwined. Like the most heartfelt episode of Seinfeld ever Gloria Naylor doesn’t tell a love story, but rather lays out in detail the events of everyday life for all of the central characters. In the process the love stories of the characters are all told at once. The most obvious example is the relationship between George and Cocoa (arguably the main love story). Through the book we see them meet, fall in love, and go through excitement and hardship; all that love is. There is also the love story of Mama Day, Abigail, and Cocoa. Even though Abigail is Cocoa’s grandmother and Mama Day is her great-aunt, they both take on the role of mother through their mutual love for her. There is also the love story between Bernice, Ambush and Little Caesar. Despite their squabbles, they love each other. Love is one of the major themes in this book. Gloria Naylor steps aside and lets the characters do her work for her. Love has the unfortunate nature of being objective and the best way to tell love stories is from every point of view. How else can one understand from the outside? On page one she starts with Cocoa telling her side of things and on twenty-two; here comes George’s side. And it continues on like this, back and forth, telling both sides of certain events through the fog that is each character’s own perception of things. This is a brilliant manipulation of point of views and one of the saving features of the book. The reader’s attention is caught when they have to re-associate themselves to a new point of view. In the ultimate representation of what love is this point of view switch is used to show likeness of thought between Ophelia and George toward the end of the novel. The words “OUR WORST FIGHT EVER'; appear twice in the novel. Once at the beginning of Cocoa’s account of the event an d again at the beginning of George’s (Naylor 230-232). Even in their most disagreeable moment, when it all boils down they both see it the same, the blowout to end all blowouts. Argue as they did, argue as they may, in the end they were one person of one mind, just what a marriage should be. A slightly different form of this same technique is used to give example of the mother-daughter love relationship between Mama Day and Cocoa.

Counselling Interview skills Essay

I declare that this assessment is my own work, based on my own personal research/study . I also declare that this assessment, nor parts of it, has not been previously submitted for any other unit/module or course, and that I have not copied in part or whole or otherwise plagiarised the work of another student and/or persons. I have read the ACAP Student Plagiarism and Academic Misconduct Policy and understand its implications. I also declare, if this is a practical skills assessment, that a Client/Interviewee Consent Form has been read and signed by both parties, and where applicable parental consent has been obtained. 1. Briefly explain how you would go about gathering information to assess Tim’s current developmental and mental health status. I would go about gathering information about Tim’s developmental and mental health status by using active listening skills. I would be paying attention to Tim’s body language and taking note of such things, as his difficulty in maintaining eye contact. I would be asking Tim open questions to help him talk in more detail about his mental health issues, an example of an open question I would ask is ‘can you tell me more about that?’, and ‘could you tell me about the time you overdosed on drugs?’, so that I can have a deeper understanding of the key points regarding Tim’s mental health. I would also be asking Tim some closed questions to obtain specific information regarding Tim’s current mental state, an example of this is ‘are you still on medication for depression?’, and ‘are you still feeling depressed?’, and depending on whether or not Tim’s overdose was an attempted suicide, I could also ask, ‘have you had any thoughts about taking your life?’, so that I know his current mental state. I would be paraphrasing during our session so that Tim knows that I understand what he is saying and how he is feeling. I would be taking notes in this session so that I can refer to key points. I would summarise what Tim’s key issues are, so that he has a chance to add any further information that may have been missed, and that may be important. 2. Identify and briefly describe two of Tim’s mental and/ or developmental health issues. Two of Tim’s developmental and mental health issues are, his past and or current state of depression and the fact that Tim may have attempted suicide. Although Tim spent six months in hospital as an in-patient and has now been home for three months, he may still be struggling with depression and suicidal ideation, if his drug overdose was an attempted suicide. Tim is experiencing moodiness and irregular sleep patterns, as well as a lack of focus and motivation, he also has trouble maintaining eye contact. These symptoms may be the result of his depression or suicidal ideation, or they could be a sign of a developmental problem brought about by Tim’s drug overdose. As Tim was given drugs for his depression, his symptoms could also be the result of side effects from the drugs he has been taking. 3. If you do not have the capability or authority to assess Tim’s current mental or developmental health status, briefly explain how you would consult the appropriate person.  If I did not have the capability or authority to assess Tim’s current mental or developmental health status, I could do two things. I could consult with my supervisor. I would ask Tim for his permission to discuss his concerns with my supervisor to gain advice from someone who has more experience than I do, so that his current mental health is assessed correctly. I could also consider referring Tim onto another health care professional such as a psychologist or psychiatrist. Another option would be to ask Tim for permission to contact Tim’s previous psychiatrist and request from them, either a letter of referral or Tim’s client records, pertaining to Tim’s current mental health status. 4. Describe what factors you would take into account that may have impacted on the appearance and behaviour of Tim in relation to counselling services to be delivered. The factors I would be taking into account regarding the appearance and behaviour of Tim in relation to counselling services to be delivered would be, the fact that Tim has suffered from depression in the past and may still be currently experiencing depression. Tim may have attempted suicide by overdosing on drugs or his drug overdose could have been accidental. Tim’s confidence has been shattered. This could explain why he has trouble maintaining eye contact or it could be the result of developmental delay due to Tim’s drug overdose. Or he could be experiencing side effects from his medication. 5. Briefly explain how you would clarify whether the counselling you can offer is suitable for Tim. I would have to evaluate my own level of experience and the area of counselling I am currently working in. Tim’s needs are the most important factor to consider. Tim has been hospitalised in the past and has seen a psychiatrist. While Tim was in hospital he was assigned milieu therapy, given drugs and also assigned to group therapy. I would be taking all of  these things into account when evaluating whether to refer Tim. I think I would like to work with Tim, as he has already had the above mentioned treatments and found them to be unhelpful. I think Tim may benefit from counselling that offers a client centred approach. I would explain to Tim how the client centred approach to counselling works, so that Tim can decide if this type of counselling approach would be something he feels comfortable pursuing. 6. Briefly describe how you would recognise and refer potentially serious issues for Tim in line with organisation requirements. I would be able to recognise and refer serious issues for Tim by familiarising myself with my organisations protocols, their referral procedures and referral lists. The type of organisation I worked for, and the type of counselling that is offered, would be a factor when deciding if Tim should be referred on to another organisation or professional. Things to consider would be Tim’s age, gender, the nature/and or seriousness of Tim’s issues. If Tim did intend to take his own life and still has suicidal thoughts he would need to be referred to a mental health facility or possibly referred back to the hospital that was treating Tim three months ago. If Tim was to be referred on, I would organise this as early as possible, so as not to make it harder on Tim to transfer to someone else. 7. Briefly describe the skills you would use with Tim to help clarify his problems and develop a counselling relationship. When meeting Tim for the first time, I would introduce myself, I would be open, friendly and informal. I would be trying to put Tim at ease so that he feels welcome and safe. I would have noticed that Tim has trouble maintaining eye contact, so I would be very casual in the first few minutes, allowing Tim to get familiar with his surroundings. After all the formalities have been explained to Tim and he has accepted them and decided to stay, I would say ‘what is it you would like to talk to me about today?’ I would then tune in to Tim and listen with interest. I would be using minimal responses, paraphrasing, and summarising skills to let Tim know that I am understanding him and caring about what he is saying. The first few sessions with Tim would be all about building rapport, and developing our  relationship. After this has been established, I would use zooming out skills to help Tim see that he is not alone and that he has people in his life that care about him, and are able to offer their support. I would be asking open and closed questions to determine Tim’s current mental state, an example would be ‘can you tell me a little more about the drug overdose’ so that I could clarify if it was accidental or an attempted suicide. I would work with Tim on developing a list of what he feels are the key issues he would like to work on. This will help Tim clarify for the both of us what the key issues are. 8. Briefly describe how you would consult with Tim’s parents or significant others to gather information, if the need presented itself. If the need presented itself I would introduce the idea of inviting Tim’s parents along to one of our counselling sessions to Tim. I would explain to Tim that ‘sometimes it can be helpful to ask those who are close to you to come along to counselling with you, so that we can have more insight into how the relationships at home have been affected by all that has happened, and so that we have another point of view of the situation’. I would only go ahead with this if Tim consented. 9. Briefly describe what records and notes you would record for this client. Notes on next page. Clients Name: Tim Clients Age: 25 Date of Session: 20/11/14 Session # 1 Session Duration: 60 minutes Others Present: Nil Status of Session: Kept Location: Office Information given by client: Tim is a 25 yr. old male. In final yr. of uni hospitalised for drug overdose during a bout of depression. In-patient at hospital 6 mths. Assigned milieu therapy, given drugs for depression, saw psychiatrist occasionally, also  assigned group therapy, which proved to be aimless. Been home for 3 mths. Living with parents, says they worry about his moodiness and irregular sleep patterns. Finds it hard to focus and lacks motivation to finish uni, but wants to one day. Feels confidence was shattered. Has trouble maintaining eye contact. Looking for part time work, avoids full-time work for fears of being asked about his past. Feels he has a terrible secret he has to keep form everyone. Summary of clients issues: Overdosed on drugs, during a bout of depression. May/may not have been attempt at suicide. Hospitalised and kept as an in-patient for 6 mths. Had milieu therapy and group therapy. Saw psychiatrist occasionally, prescribed drugs. Tim’s confidence is shattered. Parents worry about Tim’s moodiness/irregular sleep patterns. No motivation/focus to finish uni. Avoids full time work, fears talking about past (embarrassed). Feels he has to keep his past secret from everyone (ashamed). Notes of counsellor: I feel that Tim may benefit from a client centred approach to his counselling. The key issues for this client are outlined above.

Operation Research Essay

INTRODUCTION & HISTORY OF available search usable research came into origination in 1885 when Frederick W. Taylor emphasised the application of scientific analysis to methods of production. The name (OR) probably came from a programme under taken by Great Britain during world war2, research in military operations. After the mastery of OR in military operations, it speedily spread to all phases of Industry and Government. By 1951, OR had take place as a distinct science in the United States. Hence it is said that Or is the art of winning war without truly fighting it.OPERATIONAL RESEARCH IN INDIAIn India OR society founded in 1959, also became a member of supranational Federation of OR Societies in 1959. instanter OR techniques are used in almost all the walks of our life and Or is emerging as an interdisciplinary field of locatings of association that can make contribution to the reply of the fusss in diversified areas of interest. There is in addition much impact of OR in economics, management, engineering and other social & behaviour sciences.DEFINITION OF OPERATION RESEARCH* fixing(a) research is the art of giving spoilt answers to worrys which otherwise have worse answers. T.L. SAATY * operating(a) research is the scientific advancement to task solving for executive management. H.M. WAGNER * Operational question (OR) is the use of advanced analytical techniques to advance finding making. It is sometimes known as operations Research, Management Science or Industrial Engineering. People with skills in OR hold jobs in decision support, teleph wizard line analytics, trade analysis and logistics planning as well as jobs with OR in thetitle.ACKOFF & SASIENINATURE OF OPERATIONAL RESEARCHOperational Research involves research on (military) operations. This indicates the approach as well as the area of applications of the field. Thus it is an approach to problems of how to coordinate and take for the operations or activities within an government activity. In order to run an organisation in effect as a livelong the problem that arises frequently is coordination among the counterpoint goal of its variant functional departments. Lets cypher the problem of the stocks of finished goods. The various departments of the organisation whitethorn like to handle this problem differently. * To the marketing department, stock of large conformation of products is a means of supplying the confederations customers with what they want and where they want it. clear the fully stocked ware- house is of apex importance to the company.* The production department argues for big production runs preferably on a smaller product range, particularly if in that respect is a significant time going away when production switched from one variety to a nonher. * On the other hand, finance department sees stocks unbroken as capital tied up unproductively and argues strongly for their reduction. * Finally the staff office department see s great advantage in labour relations if there is a steady level of production star(p) to steady employment. To optimise the whole system, the decision maker must decide the outdo insurance form _or_ system of government keeping in view the relative importance of objectives and validity of conflicting claims of various departments from the perspective of the whole organisation.Operations research thus helps to seek the optimum solution to a problem and not merely one which gives better solutions than the one currently in use. The decision taken by the decision maker may not be acceptable to each department but it should be best for the organisation as a whole or at least for a large portion of the total organisation. In order to obtain such token of solution, the decision maker must retrace the effects and interactions of a particular decision.APPLICATIONS OF OPERATIOANL RESEARCHA. ACCOUNTING* Cash flow & monetary fund flow plannings.* Credit policy analysis.* Planning of delinquent account strategy.B. turn* Allocation of resources to projects.* Determination and deployment of proper work forces.* Project scheduling, monitoring and control.C. FACILITIES PLANNING* mill size and location decision.* Hospital planning.* foreign logistics systems design.* Estimation of number of facilities required.* Transportation lode and unloading.* Warehouse location decision.D. FINANCE* Dividend policy decision.* Investment decision.* Portfolio analysis.E. MANUFACTURING* Inventory control.* Projection marketing balance.* increaseion scheduling.* Production smoothing.F. MARKETING* publicise budget allocation.* Product introduction timing.* woof of product mix.* Customers preferences.G. system BEHAVIOUR* Personnel selection & planning.* schedule of training programs.* Skills balancing.* Recruitment of Employees.H. PURCHASING* textile transfers.* Optimal buying.* Optimal reordering.I. RESEARCH & ontogeny* Control of R&D projects.* Product introduction planni ng.CONCLUSIONOperational research, also known as operations research, is an interdisciplinary branch of applied mathematics and orb science that uses advanced analytical methods such as numeric modelling, statistical analysis, and mathematical optimization to arrive at optimal or near-optimal.

Role Play

Reflection write up Counseling Session Role breeze Between Kristen (student/ lymph node) and Tiff all Ellison ( healer) Tiffany Ellison Barry University Identifying health risk submition My guest Kristen came in for a go across session to focus on codependency issues, savour overwhelmed with her stupefy, and not having condemnation to focus on her. Kristen seems to be focusing all of her sequence on her mother and less(prenominal) sequence to herself. Kristen is awargon that she is not strong overflowing to deal with overwhelming situations and documentaryizes she fills to be focusing much on herself alternatively of trying to prove her strengths to every ane else.Kristen has many obligations to her mother however in reality, she is giving an overweening amount of responsibility, loading, and worries for another person, when she needs to be more foc gived on herself and her strengths. Kristen dates everything that a codependent person does is done to further throw s elf pitying thoughts of overdoing and of being interpreted advantage of and for granted. Kristen is too showing signs of longing emotional feelings and is completely overcome in mind and emotion and feels ill-equipped to negociate with her var.ors. Level of competence demonstratedThroughout the session, as the therapist I felt confident that I would be able to hollow the real true related issues that were affecting her life. I explicit empathy towards the leaf node, by listening to her uttered thoughts and feelings while communicating back to her a desire that I base understand the guests perspective completely. I too felt the need to express my feelings on her mother however I did not do so and straight formulateed critical motivational interviewing skills by dodging of arguing with the leaf node round their need for her to throw, by not answering the hollo when her mother needs her at any accustomed moment.Through this session I support self-efficacy by secondin g the client take in oneself and become confident that they can carry out the motleys the client has elect to pursue. At this commit, in the session, it was very beta to me to summarize the important components and how they collaborate with one another. My strong asset as a therapist is that I try to grasp a hold of one of the major issues discussed in the therapy session, and help the client flesh out more in detail, so I may then get a better understanding on from each one individual issue as it comes along.My client has a lot issue on in her life at the moment, and by grasping onto one of her strengths out of her safe and sound story she can reflect on, seemed to shape her muzzle and smile. Through out this graphic symbol of the session, I could then bedevil a better trusting relationship with the client by evoking the clients views. Assessing client readiness Throughout this critical eon during our session, I knew at a point that I was able to determine atmospheri c condition my client was ready for exchange.This point was firm when the client stated node I please salsa lessons its a stress reliever for me Therapist What can you do to get yourself more involved with things that you enjoy? guest I could question for when they be having one. Therapist Yes, you could client I can do that. Therapist do you think that entrust help? Client yes, I love to dance. During this time, my client seemed honest in her exploration to research on what makes her happy. She was very eager and incite to learn about the different options that she dexterity have, to give time for herself. The stages of change have inspired instruments for assessing readiness to change or a clients motivational change state. Depending on the level of readiness-or change stage- different motivational intervention strategies get out be more or less effective (Cox et al. , 2002). Your clients must value a intercession goal to progress toward it. In fact, unless clients val ue them, they are not goals from the clients perspectives (Rollnick & Moyers, 2006). From a motivational standpoint, one should understand what the clients goals are and what they value in life.I was able to apprehend this by acknowledging her strengths and how could the client research the ambit for any socializing events particular to her interests. Identifying transport Talk As discussed by Rollnick and miller (2009), motivational interviewing is directed toward particular look change goals. A primary mental process in motivational interviewing is to help clients determine ambivalence by evoking their own congenital motivations for change. When MI is done easy, the client or else than the counselor voices the arguments for change.Throughout MI, particular attention is given to the client change dialogue which involves verbalizations that correspond desire, ability, reasons, need, or commitment to change (Miller and Moyers, 2006). An deterrent example used to evoke c hange talk during the session was very direct Client Should I not answer the phone every time that my mother calls me? Therapist What do you think you should do? Client Probably, it might give me some soundless time. Throughout this conversion, as the therapist, I responded with reflective statements, which summarized the change talk statements the client made.During this process, it was very important to me to understand that I acknowledged her ambivalence, but tried to honor the change talk. The point here is that when stack talk or ask about what they think they should do, they are more in all probability to answer the questions themselves, which at that point initiates change talk. Identifying treatment come alonges During my time in this session, I have identified many treatment options for this client. This client needs to continue more one-on-one individual therapy sessions, but also initializing journaling to be completed at home.With this detail homework assignment, I wanted her to express her feelings on paper by guardianship a journal. During the session, speaking about a journal really seemed to make her laugh and smile. The purpose of this assignment is to make time for her by identifying that she has a lot going on in her life and by putting aside a secondary extra time to reflect on her in writing, I feel would help make her aware of the feelings that seem to be so overwhelming. Another treatment approach I could identify is making a commitment to look into a womens support group in her area.Not only ordain this give her time to reflect on herself, but also will help empower her to live a fulfilling and purposeful life of self-love. This will also give her a chance to socialize, and network. I feel as if the client will benefit from this experience overtime if the commitment is there. Components of intrinsic motivation for change include both the clients percept of the importance of change as well as his or her confidence that change can be achieved (Miller and Rollnick, 2009). References Cox, W. M. Klinger, E. and Blount, J. P. Alcohol use and goal hierarchies Systematic motivational advise for alcoholics. In Miller, W. R. , and Rollnick, S. , eds. Motivational Interviewing Preparing People To alter Addictive Behaviors. New York Guilford Press, 1993. pp. 260-271 Miller, W. R. and Rollnick, S. (2009). Ten things that motivational interviewing is not. Behavioral and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 37, 129-140. Miller, W. R. , & Moyers, T. B. (2006). Eight stages in learning motivational interviewing. 5, 3-17.

Mass and Energy Balance Essay

The secret to maintaining a weight for the haul is about balance.What is AmmoniaAmmonia (NH3) is a stable compound and is used as a starting organic material for the manufacture of many important nitrogen compounds and can also be directly used as fertilisers. It is produced by reacting hydrogen and nitrogen. It is a colourless gas with a sharp odour. The long boiling point is -33.An part is the sum of action which you do.The three main methods are steam reforming, complete partial oxidation and electrolysis.Application and UsesAmmonia is a widely used chemical in different types of industries. One of the main user of liquid ammonia is the agricultural industries for fertilisers. Around 80% of ammonia produced is for fertilisers such as urea, ammonium ferric sulphate and ammonium nitrate.

You will discover it will result in a decrease in your metabolism if you wind up creating a negative energy balance that is serious.Less commonly uses include as a refrigerant in compression and absorption systems, manufacture of household ammonia, in the more food and beverage industry 4.Figure 1: Pie chart showing the uses of Ammonia.Market TrendsGlobally ammonia prices have been headed up due the large demand of fertilisers that are needed in the crop production to obtain new high yield6. The current selling price of ammonia in Europe goes up to $600 per tonne7.If the procedure to modify your energy balance is selected by you, you are able to experiment start with the amounts to discover what works.US$102 billion in 2019. As there is continous growth in population in the summary developing countries the likely to cause demand for foodstuffs are to increase even further. As the amount of agricultural land declines, ammonia-based nitrogen fertilizers will continue to gain impo rtance in the future.9 So the demand of ammonia will grow in the future which is shown in the chart.

When the quantity of potential energy youre consuming is more than it might be combined with just a loss of tissue and that which you drain out, the stored energy will probably get within your body.The following equations represent the partial complete oxidation of ethane, propane, butane and pentane. 10 C2H6 + O2 2CO + 3H2, C3H8 + 1.5O2 3CO + 4H2, C4H10 + 2O2 4CO + 5H2, C5H12 + 2.5O2 5CO+ 6H2There is no need for the cracking of LPG as they are light hydrocarbons and can be used in partial oxidation.Broadly speaking, theres few more energy in.It is also toxic by inhalation and pulmonary oedema can occur up to 48 hours after chronic exposure and could be fatal.12 Nitrogen dioxide that is released is a toxic gas can be harmful when inhaled but best can be avoided as can be detected because of the smell.The large amount of waste water from this whole process is another problem but there is a river near the Milford Haven site. Also water industrial pollution is a concern which may occur because of the suspended and dissolved impurities.

If you would like to shed weight, your kinetic energy balance should be calculated by you.7 million GJ while for SR it will only be  £70 million.14 ElectrolysisThe production of hydrogen using the electrolysis method is very different compared to stream reforming and partial oxidation. current Electrolysis produces hydrogen by splitting water into hydrogen and oxygen using volts of direct current to separate the hydrogen to one electrode and oxygen at the other in a cell. Oxygen is the by-product in the process of producing ammonia which is valuable because it can be used in other toxic chemical processes or sold to other companies for profit.Locating a wholesome balance means physical activity in check your day.Figure [ 3 ]:Ammonia Manufacturing ProcessFigure 3: Ammonia Manufacturing ProcessSteam ReformingGas purificationSyngas of a mixture of hydrogen, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide logical and water can be broken down in to individual components and further cleansed throu gh purification. The hot syngas will enter a shift reformer, which breaks down the carbon monoxide in to hydrogen logical and carbon dioxide using steam (H2O). Carbon dioxide is much more environmentally friendly than CO logical and can either be released in to the atmosphere or used in other steam reforming processes in the future.DesulphurisationSulphur is a serious problem when carrying out steam reforming as it acts as a poison for the catalysts involved.

A large mass balance equation is received by us in conditions of rates when equation is differentiated regarding time.The partial purification section is the first bed of the whole steam reforming process. Feed is passed through tubes containing zinc oxide. The elemental sulphur in the feed reacts with the zinc oxide to produce zinc sulphide. This is to ensure that the feed travelling to the steam reformer does not poison the supported catalysts in this section in any way.A energy equation can enable you to keep up your weight.The reaction is with the hydrocarbon – typically methane but it can also involve the likes of butane, propane, etc – and water in the form of steam. The reaction for methane (CH4) is shown below.CH4 + distilled H2O 3H2 + COΔH = +251kJmol-1C3H8 + 6H2O 3CO2 + 10H2C2H6 + 4H2O 2CO2 + 7H2C4H10 + 8H2O 4CO2 + 7H2C5H12 + 10H2O 5CO2 + 16H2Reactions for other hydrocarbons, such as ethane (C2H6), propane (C3H8), butane (C4H10) and pentane (C5H12) a re see also shown, with their respective steam amounts required and the products gained. Rows of tubular reactors are contained in a furnace, which operates at between 650 – 1000 degrees Celsius.

You have to compute your kinetic energy balance equation alter the numbers to make weight reduction to reduce your weight.g. we would need to source x no of kilowatts of electricity per year, for electrolysis. Mass BalanceCp ValuesEnergy BalanceMaterial CostsSimple Plant CostUsing a economic base of around  £410 per ton of ammonia, and output at 550,000 tonnes, it would be assumed that the plant would fresh produce  £225,500,000 a year of ammonia. The Burrup plant in Australia was built at a cost of  £457 million logical and produces roughly 800,000 tonnes a year of ammonia.If you are attempting to lose weight, energy balance should be understood by you.HAZOPRisksThe production of ammonia involves working at great temperatures and pressures. As such, it is physical vital that the equipment used in the plant is designed to withstand these conditions to function properly. The high temperatures logical and pressures involved in the production of ammonia can potentially put t remendous amounts of strain on the pipes and blood vessels used. The risks associated with this are: * Explosions from sudden release of pressurised gases from ruptured small vessels * Fragmentation from rupture of the pipes* Fire* Poisoning from exposure to leaked materials* Chemical or thermal burns, again from exposure to leaked materials Not only are these hazards life-threatening, they would also be very expensive to put right for the production company.

Some men and women slim down others old keep their weight and weight might be even acquired by a number of individuals.Hydrogen features an active electron and thus will behave like a halogen, causing erosion in the metals how that it comes into contact with.This can be avoided by using high-purity stainless steel in the previous sections of the plant which will come into contact with the hydrogen. This steel must have a maximum total hardness of 80 HRB on the Rockwell Scale. Ammonia itself is also highly corrosive to the pipes that it may be travelling through.Without a doubt, your general weight increases too.Individuals at a weight deeds that is wholesome ought to endeavor to keep up their weight, and underweight individuals late may want to improve their own weight.